Questões de Inglês
O Texto é um excerto de uma entrevista concedida pela pesquisadora Kate Crawford a propósito de um livro, de sua autoria, sobre a Inteligência Artificial. Ele será utilizado para a questão
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Kate Crawford studies the social and political implications of artificial intelligence. She is a research professor of communication and science and technology studies at the University of Southern California and a senior principal researcher at Microsoft Research.
The Observer: You’ve written a book critical of AI but you work for a company that is among the leaders in its deployment. How do you square that circle?
Kate Crawford: I work in the research wing of Microsoft, which is a distinct organisation. Unusually, over its 30-year history, it has hired social scientists to look critically at how technologies are being built. My book did not go through any pre-publication review – Microsoft Research does not require that – and my lab leaders support asking hard questions, even if the answers involve a critical assessment of current technological practices.
The Observer: What’s the aim of the book?
Kate Crawford: We are commonly presented with this vision of AI that is abstract and immaterial. I wanted to show how AI is made in a wider sense – its natural resource costs, its labour processes, and its classificatory logics. My hope is that, by showing how AI systems work, we will have a more accurate account of the impacts, and it will invite more people into the conversation. These systems are being rolled out across a multitude of sectors without strong regulation, consent or democratic debate.
(Adaptado de CORBYN Z.. Microsoft’s Kate Crawford: ‘AI is neither artificial nor intelligent’. The Observer, 06/06/2021. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2021/jun/06/microsofts-kate-crawford-ai-is-neither-artificial-norintelligent. Acesso em: 01/08/2023.)
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France wants to put a lid on the tourist crowds that flood historic landmarks and natural treasures each year, though officials have said it would not be easy. Tourism Minister Olivia Gregoire unveiled a plan to regulate visitor flows at the most popular sites and lay out a strategy against overtourism. She said France, the world’s biggest tourist destination, particularly needed to better manage the peak-season influxes that threatened “the environment, the quality of life for locals, and the experiences for its visitors”. The issue is urgent for prime destinations worldwide as international travel surges after covid-19 lockdowns. Many of the most revered French sites, such as the Mont-Saint-Michel abbey in Normandy, say they are overwhelmed by the number of visitors.
On the famed Channel beach of Etretat, which saw a tourism surge thanks to the plot of the Netflix detective series “Lupin”, the 1,200 residents see up to 10,000 tourists a day in the high season. “This massive influx ends up eroding the cliffs and endangers the beach cliffs,” co-head of the Etretat Tomorrow residents’ association Shai Mallet said. She also laments the lack of local economic benefits, with visitors staying just a few hours, maybe grabbing an ice cream but not constantly frequenting restaurants or hotels.
The government’s announcement comes as Paris, which is dealing with a housing shortage in part because homeowners prefer short-term rentals to tourists, said last week it expects 37 million tourists this year, just short of the pre-pandemic level of 38.5 million in 2019. Limits are already being set, with officials limiting day visits to the gorgeous Brittany island of Brehat at 4,700 during the peak summer months.
(www.euronews.com, 20.06.2023. Adaptado.)
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Due to the long and horrific history of stolen land and colonization, the Western world often refers to Indigenous peoples’ culture and knowledge in the past tense. Yet today, Indigenous peoples are indisputably the best guardians of our world’s most precious ecosystems. Western society still desperately needs to learn what Indigenous people have known for millennia: that human beings must live in a reciprocal relationship with the Earth. Around the world, Indigenous peoples have long practiced the key elements of regenerative agriculture.
An example is the art of agroforestry. Some Indigenous communities, like the Lenca people in Honduras, know agroforestry simply as “traditional technique.” Agroforestry — or the concept of growing crops in a way that mimics the forest and offers shade, protection, and nutrients — is such common practice there is no special name for it. By using sustainable practices taught from one generation to another, Indigenous peoples actively safeguard forests, preserving biodiversity and keeping a delicate balance essential for both the environment and their own sustenance.
Another example is intercropping ingenuity. Much of modern agriculture relies on monoculture, where just one single crop is grown across vast sprawling fields. While industrial farmers see this as a more efficient and simplified way to farm, it also depletes the soil of nutrients. Instead, Indigenous peoples have long practiced polyculture, where many different types of crops are grown alongside each other. Intercropping helps regulate soil moisture and deter pests. It also increases biodiversity by encouraging a symbiotic relationship between plants, soil microorganisms, insects, and animals.
Internet: rainforest-alliance.org (adapted).
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Internet: mediakasvatus.fi/ (adapted).
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