Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Adverbs - Comparison
29 Questões
Questão 15 151602
FMP 2017THE BRAIN
The brain controls all the body’s functions – from
consciousness and heart rate to thinking, memory
and emotion. It is the most complex thing we know of,
and the gaps in our knowledge about how it works are
vast. Neuroscientists have the daunting job of making
sense of this complicated organ – to provide insights
into our minds and behaviour and to find ways to
tackle debilitating brain diseases and injuries. Brain
injuries can occur in many ways, such as through
accidents, stroke or infections. The rehabilitation
group at the Medical Research Council Cognition
and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge specialises
in helping people with brain injuries to compensate
for cognitive problems and to cope with everyday life.
Its work includes developing new ways to measure
the problems faced by people with brain injuries and
developing new treatments. The scientists are also
interested in finding out more about how people
recover from brain injury and related memory loss.
The brain stem controls our core body functions –
the things our body must do unconsciously to keep us
alive, such as altering our heart beat and regulating
our blood pressure and body temperature. It also
controls functions such as alertness, swallowing,
digestion and breathing.
Consciousness is part of what makes each of us
unique. It encompasses many of our ideas, thoughts,
feelings, plans and memories. Conscious thought is
different from the unconscious workings of the brain
– which enable us to breathe, walk and talk and our
hearts to beat automatically. There are two aspects to
consciousness: awareness and wakefulness.
— Awareness refers to our internal, subjective
experience. It includes self awareness – the ability to
understand that you exist, as an individual, separate
from other people and with private thoughts. It also
includes awareness of the relationship between
oneself and one’s environment through use of our
senses and by thinking about ideas and acting upon
them using judgement.
— Wakefulness refers to different levels of
conscious awareness. Each day we experience a
spectrum of wakefulness, from full attentiveness, such
as if we are involved in an interesting conversation,
through inattentiveness, drowsiness and normal
sleep. Following some types of brain injury or during
anaesthesia people can’t be woken: they have a lower
level of wakefulness. Brain death lies at the far end of
this spectrum.
These two aspects of consciousness normally go
hand-in-hand; we don’t expect to have an interesting
conversation with someone who is asleep. However,
we can possess awareness when we are asleep, for
example when we dream.
Where does consciousness come from?
Scientists have amassed much evidence linking
different aspects of consciousness to our brain. We
now know that consciousness requires many parts of
the brain to work together. Parts of the cerebral cortex
act together to produce our thoughts and experiences.
A functioning thalamus is also required to produce
wakefulness – we know this because if a part of the
thalamus called the centromedian nucleus becomes
damaged, we become unconscious.
Unconsciousness can also be caused by
anaesthesia, or changes to the body’s internal
environment such as a rise or drop in core body
temperature or a lack of oxygen. A prolonged period
of unconsciousness is known as a coma. Sometimes,
after a severe brain injury, a person can enter a
vegetative state (VS). Unlike coma patients, VS
patients show normal wake/sleep cycles, but even
when they are awake they show no external sign of
awareness. When all electrical activity in the brain
stops irreversibly, this is known as brain death.
Scientists at the MRC Cognition and Brain
Sciences Unit in Cambridge study patients with
disorders of consciousness. Their work recently
revealed that a woman who was diagnosed as
being in a persistent vegetative state following
a car accident was aware of her surroundings.
Working with colleagues in Belgium, the scientists
used functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) to map the woman’s brain activity. She was
physically unresponsive and fulfilled all the criteria
for a diagnosis of vegetative state according to
international guidelines. But scans showed that her
brain responded to speech. Her brain also actively
processed the meaning of sentences, becoming
more active when she heard sentences containing
words with several meanings, like ‘rain’ and ‘reign’.
When asked to imagine playing tennis or moving
around her home, brain scans showed that the
woman could do this, activating various areas of her
brain in the same way as healthy volunteers. “These
are startling results. They confirm that, despite the
diagnosis of vegetative state, this patient retained
the ability to understand spoken commands and
to respond to them through her brain activity,” said
one of the researchers. “Her decision to work with
us represents a clear act of intent which confirmed
beyond any doubt that she was consciously aware of
herself and her surroundings.”
Doctors use different levels of sedation to reduce
people’s awareness of their bodies and surroundings.
For example, high levels of anaesthetic drugs cause
general anaesthesia: a complete loss of consciousness.
Another team of scientists at the MRC Cognition and
Brain Sciences Unit used fMRI to study how sedation
affects the brain’s processing of speech. Working with
researchers at the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre in
Cambridge, they found that during heavy sedation,
volunteers’ brains still responded to the sounds of
speech but they were unable to process or remember
it. The findings have important implications for the care
of patients undergoing general anaesthesia or coming
out of a coma.
Available at: <http://www.mrc.ac.uk/publications/browse/the-brain-mrc- -research-for-lifelong-health/>. Retrieved on: 28 June 2016. Adapted.
In the fragment “we don’t expect to have an interesting conversation with someone who is asleep. However, we can possess awareness when we are asleep” (lines 51-53), the word However is associated with the idea of
Questão 24 12401543
UNIVESP 2024Leia o texto para responder à questão.
JANUARY 24, 2024
How Long Does It Really Take to Form a Habit?
There’s a myth that it takes 21 days to form a habit. Experts explain why it might take some people longer–or shorter
BY JOCELYN SOLIS-MOREIRA
Waking up at the crack of dawn and going for a run might feel intimidating when you start trying to make it a habit.
Weaving a signifi cant new activity such as this into your regular routine obviously takes determination and time–but
how much time is really needed to make that habit stick?
One popular idea suggests that it takes 21 days to solidify a habit. A three-week time frame might sound easily
reachable to someone making a resolution on New Year’s Day, when people tend to feel extra motivated to start a
new habit or kick an old one, says Colin Camerer, a behavioral economist at the California Institute of Technology
who has conducted research on habit formation. Yet every January 21 very few people can boast that they have
kept their resolutions. One survey showed that only 9 percent of people actually stuck to their goals in 2023.
Everyone has a unique habit-building timeline–and no matter how long it is for any individual, repetition is the key
to making it work, explains Phillippa Lally, a senior lecturer in psychology and the co-director of the Habit Application
and Theory group at the University of Surrey in England. Both Lally and Camerer suggest various individualized ways
to reinforce healthy behaviors and to eventually turn a wholesome task into an unconscious habit.
https://tinyurl.com/e8rjumxe Acesso em: 24.01.2024. Adaptado.
A sentença “Yet every January 21 very few people can boast that they have kept their resolutions”, no segundo parágrafo,
Questão 19 6549947
FACISB 2020Read the text to answer question.
Escaping from destruction
Almost 80 years ago Snowdonia, a mountainous region in northwestern Wales, United Kingdom, prepared to keep a welcome in the hillside for some of the world’s most treasured paintings. Across Europe the advancing Nazis had already looted or destroyed millions of pounds worth of art. As bombs fell on London and a German invasion seemed inevitable, attention turned to how to protect the National Gallery’s collection. In 1940, Winston Churchill famously said of the nation’s art treasures: “Hide them in caves and cellars, but not one picture shall leave this island.”
Experts scoured the UK for a hiding place — until they found Manod Quarry. Manod Mountain had been a working quarry1 for over a century. Its excavations created a cavernous space at the heart of the mountain, and covered with hundreds of feet of slate and granite it was virtually impregnable to bombing. Also, its very remoteness made it easier to keep the mission top secret.
Suzanne Bosman, author of The National Gallery in Wartime, explains that moving almost 2,000 works by Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, and Turner proved to be quite an undertaking. “Cold, damp quarries aren’t really good storage places for priceless works of art, so before they were moved in, six air-tight climate-controlled brick huts were built inside the mountain,” she explained. “In fact the conditions in which they were stored at Manod were considerably better than those in which they were exhibited at the National Gallery before the war, and the evacuation taught staff a lot about preservation, even after the war”, says Bosman.
The largest paintings were packed in specially designed “elephant cases” and transported by road. The smaller paintings were transported in Post Office vans and delivery trucks in order to avoid attracting attention. However, Ms Bosman said, it did not always run that smoothly. “Van Dyck’s Equestrian Portrait of Charles I is a monster, at 12ft by 9.5ft, and in its case, loaded on the back of the truck, it was considerably taller. On the approach to the quarry there is a tight S-bend, just where the road passes under the arch of a railway bridge. I liken it to trying to get a sofa around a corner on the stairs; there was enough height, but only if you could hit precisely the right angle.”
Nowadays the quarry is in a poor state of repair and access is strictly controlled. Inside you can still see the marks on the wall where the paintings hung, and the floor is littered with the hygrometers and thermometers which would have controlled every aspect of the conditions. It’s such a shame that very few people will get to see it in the future. We’ve let a piece of our national heritage slip away.
(This article was inspired by a question from reader Doug Cormack who got
in touch to ask how the National Gallery’s collection came to be evacuated
to Wales during the war, and whether the paintings would ever come back
to Wales for a commemorative exhibition.)
(Neil Prior. www.bbc.com, 19.05.2019. Adaptado.)
1quarry: an open excavation, usually for obtaining building material.
In the fragment from the fourth paragraph “I liken it to trying to get a sofa around a corner on the stairs; there was enough height, but only if you could hit precisely the right angle”, the underlined term could be correctly replaced, without any change in meaning, by
Questão 13 6856548
FEMA Medicina 2018/2Leia o texto para responder à questão.
Britain needs to go on a diet, says top health officials
The portion sizes of some of Britain’s most popular foods are to be cut, with health officials telling the public it is time “to get on a diet”. Public Health England (PHE) is targeting pizzas, ready meals, processed meat and takeaways, in a new obesity drive. The government agency has also urged the food industry to start using healthier ingredients and encourage the public to opt for lower calorie foods. It is all part of a drive to cut calorie consumption by 20% by 2024.
The target will apply to 13 different food groups, responsible for a fifth of the calorie intake of children. But PHE chief executive Duncan Selbie said the steps were as much about influencing the diets of adults. “Britain needs to go on a diet. Children and adults routinely eat too many calories, and it’s why so many are overweight or obese,” he said.
The agency is also launching a campaign encouraging adults to consume 400 calories at breakfast and 600 each at lunch and dinner. It is being seen as a rough guide for consumers to follow when they buy meals away from home. A quarter of food is now bought from cafes, restaurants, takeaways or as food-to-go from shops. PHE said major groups such as McDonald’s, Subway and Greggs would be promoting foods that kept people within these guidelines.
Currently adults consume between 200 and 300 calories more than they should each day. PHE chief nutritionist Dr. Alison Tedstone said the campaign would make it easier for “people to make healthier choices” by being able to judge what they should be eating in each sitting. “To get traction on this, the big-selling things need to change. A few healthy options on the end of a menu won’t help solve the nation’s obesity problem – we need the regular, everyday products to change,” she said.
(Nick Triggle. www.bbc.com, 06.03.2018. Adaptado.)
In the excerpt from the second paragraph “the steps were as much about influencing the diets”, the underlined words can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
Questão 25 1768058
EN 2° Dia 2018Which of the options completes the excerpt below correctly?
You're dehydrated - and your skin
Most of us tend to think of dehydration as a short term problem solved by a glass of water, but board-certified dermatologist Dr. Janet Prystowsky encourages viewing skin dehydration as a long-term problem, as consistently failing to get your skin the water it needs can have lasting results.
(Abridged from https ://www.goodhousekeeping.com/beauty/anti- aging/a36993/dull-skin-causes/)
Questão 48 678099
FIP-Moc Medicina 2018/2
The verb “to flee” can be replaced by:
Pastas
06
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