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Arraiá | Topo de Questões

Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Adverbs - Comparison

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Questão 15 151602
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FMP 2017
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Adverbs
  • Comparison
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Resolução comentada

THE BRAIN

 

The brain controls all the body’s functions – from

consciousness and heart rate to thinking, memory

and emotion. It is the most complex thing we know of,

and the gaps in our knowledge about how it works are

vast. Neuroscientists have the daunting job of making

sense of this complicated organ – to provide insights

into our minds and behaviour and to find ways to

tackle debilitating brain diseases and injuries. Brain

injuries can occur in many ways, such as through

accidents, stroke or infections. The rehabilitation

group at the Medical Research Council Cognition

and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge specialises

in helping people with brain injuries to compensate

for cognitive problems and to cope with everyday life.

Its work includes developing new ways to measure

the problems faced by people with brain injuries and

developing new treatments. The scientists are also

interested in finding out more about how people

recover from brain injury and related memory loss.

The brain stem controls our core body functions –

the things our body must do unconsciously to keep us

alive, such as altering our heart beat and regulating

our blood pressure and body temperature. It also

controls functions such as alertness, swallowing,

digestion and breathing.

Consciousness is part of what makes each of us

unique. It encompasses many of our ideas, thoughts,

feelings, plans and memories. Conscious thought is

different from the unconscious workings of the brain

– which enable us to breathe, walk and talk and our

hearts to beat automatically. There are two aspects to

consciousness: awareness and wakefulness.

— Awareness refers to our internal, subjective

experience. It includes self awareness – the ability to

understand that you exist, as an individual, separate

from other people and with private thoughts. It also

includes awareness of the relationship between

oneself and one’s environment through use of our

senses and by thinking about ideas and acting upon

them using judgement.

— Wakefulness refers to different levels of

conscious awareness. Each day we experience a

spectrum of wakefulness, from full attentiveness, such

as if we are involved in an interesting conversation,

through inattentiveness, drowsiness and normal

sleep. Following some types of brain injury or during

anaesthesia people can’t be woken: they have a lower

level of wakefulness. Brain death lies at the far end of

this spectrum.

These two aspects of consciousness normally go

hand-in-hand; we don’t expect to have an interesting

conversation with someone who is asleep. However,

we can possess awareness when we are asleep, for

example when we dream.

Where does consciousness come from?

Scientists have amassed much evidence linking

different aspects of consciousness to our brain. We

now know that consciousness requires many parts of

the brain to work together. Parts of the cerebral cortex

act together to produce our thoughts and experiences.

A functioning thalamus is also required to produce

wakefulness – we know this because if a part of the

thalamus called the centromedian nucleus becomes

damaged, we become unconscious.

Unconsciousness can also be caused by

anaesthesia, or changes to the body’s internal

environment such as a rise or drop in core body

temperature or a lack of oxygen. A prolonged period

of unconsciousness is known as a coma. Sometimes,

after a severe brain injury, a person can enter a

vegetative state (VS). Unlike coma patients, VS

patients show normal wake/sleep cycles, but even

when they are awake they show no external sign of

awareness. When all electrical activity in the brain

stops irreversibly, this is known as brain death.

Scientists at the MRC Cognition and Brain

Sciences Unit in Cambridge study patients with

disorders of consciousness. Their work recently

revealed that a woman who was diagnosed as

being in a persistent vegetative state following

a car accident was aware of her surroundings.

Working with colleagues in Belgium, the scientists

used functional magnetic resonance imaging

(fMRI) to map the woman’s brain activity. She was

physically unresponsive and fulfilled all the criteria

for a diagnosis of vegetative state according to

international guidelines. But scans showed that her

brain responded to speech. Her brain also actively

processed the meaning of sentences, becoming

more active when she heard sentences containing

words with several meanings, like ‘rain’ and ‘reign’.

When asked to imagine playing tennis or moving

around her home, brain scans showed that the

woman could do this, activating various areas of her

brain in the same way as healthy volunteers. “These

are startling results. They confirm that, despite the

diagnosis of vegetative state, this patient retained

the ability to understand spoken commands and

to respond to them through her brain activity,” said

one of the researchers. “Her decision to work with

us represents a clear act of intent which confirmed

beyond any doubt that she was consciously aware of

herself and her surroundings.”

Doctors use different levels of sedation to reduce

people’s awareness of their bodies and surroundings.

For example, high levels of anaesthetic drugs cause

general anaesthesia: a complete loss of consciousness.

Another team of scientists at the MRC Cognition and

Brain Sciences Unit used fMRI to study how sedation

affects the brain’s processing of speech. Working with

researchers at the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre in

Cambridge, they found that during heavy sedation,

volunteers’ brains still responded to the sounds of

speech but they were unable to process or remember

it. The findings have important implications for the care

of patients undergoing general anaesthesia or coming

out of a coma.

Available at: <http://www.mrc.ac.uk/publications/browse/the-brain-mrc- -research-for-lifelong-health/>. Retrieved on: 28 June 2016. Adapted. 

In the fragment “we don’t expect to have an interesting conversation with someone who is asleep. However, we can possess awareness when we are asleep” (lines 51-53), the word However is associated with the idea of

Vídeos associados (27) Ver soluções

Questão 24 12401543
Médio 00:00

UNIVESP 2024
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Adverbs
  • Comparison
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

 

JANUARY 24, 2024
How Long Does It Really Take to Form a Habit?

There’s a myth that it takes 21 days to form a habit. Experts explain why it might take some people longer–or shorter
BY JOCELYN SOLIS-MOREIRA


    Waking up at the crack of dawn and going for a run might feel intimidating when you start trying to make it a habit.
Weaving a signifi cant new activity such as this into your regular routine obviously takes determination and time–but
how much time is really needed to make that habit stick?
    One popular idea suggests that it takes 21 days to solidify a habit. A three-week time frame might sound easily
reachable to someone making a resolution on New Year’s Day, when people tend to feel extra motivated to start a
new habit or kick an old one, says Colin Camerer, a behavioral economist at the California Institute of Technology
who has conducted research on habit formation. Yet every January 21 very few people can boast that they have
kept their resolutions
. One survey showed that only 9 percent of people actually stuck to their goals in 2023.
    Everyone has a unique habit-building timeline–and no matter how long it is for any individual, repetition is the key
to making it work, explains Phillippa Lally, a senior lecturer in psychology and the co-director of the Habit Application
and Theory group at the University of Surrey in England. Both Lally and Camerer suggest various individualized ways
to reinforce healthy behaviors and to eventually turn a wholesome task into an unconscious habit.

https://tinyurl.com/e8rjumxe Acesso em: 24.01.2024. Adaptado.

A sentença “Yet every January 21 very few people can boast that they have kept their resolutions”, no segundo parágrafo,

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Questão 19 6549947
Médio 00:00

FACISB 2020
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Adverbs
  • Comparison
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Read the text to answer question.

 

Escaping from destruction

 

    Almost 80 years ago Snowdonia, a mountainous region in northwestern Wales, United Kingdom, prepared to keep a welcome in the hillside for some of the world’s most treasured paintings. Across Europe the advancing Nazis had already looted or destroyed millions of pounds worth of art. As bombs fell on London and a German invasion seemed inevitable, attention turned to how to protect the National Gallery’s collection. In 1940, Winston Churchill famously said of the nation’s art treasures: “Hide them in caves and cellars, but not one picture shall leave this island.”

    Experts scoured the UK for a hiding place — until they found Manod Quarry. Manod Mountain had been a working quarry1 for over a century. Its excavations created a cavernous space at the heart of the mountain, and covered with hundreds of feet of slate and granite it was virtually impregnable to bombing. Also, its very remoteness made it easier to keep the mission top secret.

    Suzanne Bosman, author of The National Gallery in Wartime, explains that moving almost 2,000 works by Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, and Turner proved to be quite an undertaking. “Cold, damp quarries aren’t really good storage places for priceless works of art, so before they were moved in, six air-tight climate-controlled brick huts were built inside the mountain,” she explained. “In fact the conditions in which they were stored at Manod were considerably better than those in which they were exhibited at the National Gallery before the war, and the evacuation taught staff a lot about preservation, even after the war”, says Bosman.

    The largest paintings were packed in specially designed “elephant cases” and transported by road. The smaller paintings were transported in Post Office vans and delivery trucks in order to avoid attracting attention. However, Ms Bosman said, it did not always run that smoothly. “Van Dyck’s Equestrian Portrait of Charles I is a monster, at 12ft by 9.5ft, and in its case, loaded on the back of the truck, it was considerably taller. On the approach to the quarry there is a tight S-bend, just where the road passes under the arch of a railway bridge. I liken it to trying to get a sofa around a corner on the stairs; there was enough height, but only if you could hit precisely the right angle.”

     Nowadays the quarry is in a poor state of repair and access is strictly controlled. Inside you can still see the marks on the wall where the paintings hung, and the floor is littered with the hygrometers and thermometers which would have controlled every aspect of the conditions. It’s such a shame that very few people will get to see it in the future. We’ve let a piece of our national heritage slip away.

 

(This article was inspired by a question from reader Doug Cormack who got
in touch to ask how the National Gallery’s collection came to be evacuated
to Wales during the war, and whether the paintings would ever come back
to Wales for a commemorative exhibition.)

(Neil Prior. www.bbc.com, 19.05.2019. Adaptado.)

 

1quarry: an open excavation, usually for obtaining building material.

In the fragment from the fourth paragraph “I liken it to trying to get a sofa around a corner on the stairs; there was enough height, but only if you could hit precisely the right angle”, the underlined term could be correctly replaced, without any change in meaning, by

Vídeos associados (27) Ver soluções

Questão 25 1768058
Médio 00:00

EN 2° Dia 2018
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Adverbs
  • Comparison
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Which of the options completes the excerpt below correctly?

 

You're dehydrated - and             your skin

 

    Most of us tend to think of dehydration as a short term problem solved by a glass of water, but board-certified  dermatologist Dr. Janet  Prystowsky encourages viewing skin dehydration as a long-term problem, as consistently failing to get your skin the water it needs can have lasting results.

(Abridged from https ://www.goodhousekeeping.com/beauty/anti- aging/a36993/dull-skin-causes/)

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Questão 48 678099
Médio 00:00

FIP-Moc Medicina 2018/2
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Adverbs
  • Comparison
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

The verb “to flee” can be replaced by:

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Questão 13 211564
Médio 00:00

FAMERP 2018
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Adverbs
  • Comparison Kinds
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Can plants hear?

Flora may be able to detect the sounds of flowing water or munching insects

 

  Pseudoscientific claims that music helps plants grow have been made for decades, despite evidence that is shaky at best. Yet new research suggests some flora may be capable of sensing sounds, such as the gurgle of water through a pipe or the buzzing of insects.

  In a recent study, Monica Gagliano, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues placed pea seedlings in pots shaped like an upside-down Y. One arm of each pot was placed in either a tray of water or a coiled plastic tube through which water flowed; the other arm had dry soil. The roots grew toward the arm of the pipe with the fluid, regardless of whether it was easily accessible or hidden inside the tubing. “They just knew the water was there, even if the only thing to detect was the sound of it flowing inside the pipe,” Gagliano says. Yet when the seedlings were given a choice between the water tube and some moistened soil, their roots favored the latter. She hypothesizes that these plants use sound waves to detect water at a distance but follow moisture gradients to home in on their target when it is closer.

  The research, reported earlier this year in Oecologia, is not the first to suggest flora can detect and interpret sounds. A 2014 study showed the rock cress Arabidopsis can distinguish between caterpillar chewing sounds and wind vibrations – the plant produced more chemical toxins after “hearing” a recording of feeding insects. “We tend to underestimate plants because their responses are usually less visible to us. But leaves turn out to be extremely sensitive vibration detectors,” says lead study author Heidi M. Appel, an environmental scientist now at the University of Toledo.

(Marta Zaraska. www.scientificamerican.com, 17.05.2017.)

In the excerpt from the second paragraph “Yet when the seedlings”, the word “yet” indicates

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