Leia o texto para responder às questão.

    One of the main points of the advancement of science is being guided by the human curiosity, uncompromised with concrete results and free from any kind of tutelage or guidance. Scientific production driven simply by this curiosity has been able to open new frontiers of knowledge, to make us wiser and, in the long run, to generate value and more quality of life for human beings.

    By its methods and instruments, science allows us to analyze the world around us and see beyond what the eyes can see. The scientific and technological enterprise of the human being throughout its history is, undoubtedly, the main responsible for everything that humanity had just built up. His achievements are present since the domain of fire to the immense potential derived from modern science of information, passing by the animals’ domestication, the rise of modern agriculture and industry and, of course, by the spectacular improvement in the quality of life of all humanity in the last century.

    In addition to human curiosity, another very important way of scientific advancement is the solution of problems that afflict humanity. Living longer and healthier, working less and having more available time for leisure, reducing the distances that separate us from other human beings - whether through more communication channels or better means of transport - are some of the challenges and human aspirations to which, for centuries, the science and technology have contributed.

    A person born in the late 18^th Century, he/she would most likely die before reaching the age of 40. Someone born today in a developed country is expected to live more than 80 years and, although inequality is high, even in the poorest countries anywhere in sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancy today is more than 50 years. Science and technology are the key factors in explaining the reduction in mortality from various diseases, such as infectious diseases, for example, and the consequent increase in human longevity.

Texto Adaptado. Disponível em: https://www.ipea.gov.br/cts/pt/central-deconteudo/artigos/artigos/116-a-ciencia-e-a-tecnologiacomo-estrategia-de-desenvolvimento. Acesso em: 15 dez. 2020.

A Neurologist’s Tips to Protect Your Memory

    As we age, our memory declines. This is an
ingrained assumption for many of us; however,
according to neuroscientist Dr. Richard Restak, a
neurologist and clinical professor at George
[5] Washington Hospital University School of Medicine
and Health, decline is not inevitable.

    The author of more than 20 books on the mind,
Restak has decades’ worth of experience in guiding
patients with memory problems. “The Complete
[10] Guide to Memory: The Science of Strengthening Your
Mind,” Restak’s latest book, includes tools such as
mental exercises, sleep habits and diet that can help
boost memory.
    Yet, Restak ventures beyond this familiar
[15] territory, considering every facet of memory — how
memory is connected to creative thinking,
technology’s impact on memory, how memory
shapes identity. “The point of the book is to
overcome the everyday problems of memory,”
[20] Restak said. Especially working memory, which falls
between immediate recall and long-term memory,
and is tied to intelligence, concentration and
achievement. According to Restak, this is the most
critical type of memory, and exercises to strengthen
[25] it should be practiced daily. But bolstering all
memory skills, he added, is key to warding off later
memory issues. Memory decline is not inevitable
with aging, Restak argues in the book.
    Ultimately, “we are what we can remember,”
[30] he said. Here are some of Restak’s tips for developing
and maintaining a healthy memory.
    Pay more attention.
    Some memory lapses are actually attention
problems, not memory problems. For instance, if
[35] you’ve forgotten the name of someone you met at a
cocktail party, it could be because you were talking
with several people at the time and you didn’t
properly pay attention when you heard it.
    “Inattention is the biggest cause for memory
[40] difficulties,” Dr. Restak said. “It means you didn’t
properly encode the memory.” One way to pay
attention when you learn new information, like a
name, is to visualize the word. Having a picture
associated with the word, Restak said, can improve
[45] recall. For instance, he recently had to memorize the
name of a doctor, Dr. King, (an easy example, he
acknowledged). So, he pictured a male doctor “in a
white coat with a crown on his head and a scepter
instead of a stethoscope in his hand.”
[50]    Find regular everyday memory challenges.
    There are many memory exercises that you can
integrate into everyday life. Dr. Restak suggested
composing a grocery list and memorizing it. When
you get to the store, don’t automatically pull out
[55] your list (or your phone) — instead, pick up
everything according to your memory. “Try to see the
items in your mind,” he said, and only consult the list
at the end, if necessary. If you’re not going to the
store, try memorizing a recipe. He added that
[60] frequent cooking is actually a great way to improve
working memory.
    Once in a while, get in the car without turning
on your GPS, and try to navigate through the streets
from memory. A small 2020 study suggested that
[65] people who used a GPS more frequently over time
showed a steeper cognitive decline in spatial memory
three years later.

    Play games.
    Games like bridge and chess are great for
[70] memory, but so is a simpler game, said Dr. Restak.
For instance, Dr. Restak’s “favorite working memory
game” is Twenty Questions — in which a group (or a
single person) thinks of a person, place or object, and
the other person, the questioner, asks 20 questions
[75] with a yes or no answer. Because to succeed, he said,
the questioner must hold all of the previous answers
in memory in order to guess the correct answer.
    Another of Restak’s tried-and-true memory
exercises simply requires a pen and paper or audio
[80] recorder. First, recall all of the US presidents, starting
with Biden and going back to, say, Franklin Roosevelt,
writing or recording them. Then, do the same, from
F.D.R. to Biden. Next, name only the Democratic
presidents, and only the Republican ones. Last, name
[85] them in alphabetical order. If you prefer, try it with
players on your favorite sports team or your favorite
authors. The point is to engage your working
memory, “maintaining information and moving it
around in your mind,” Restak wrote.
[90]     Read more novels.
    One early indicator of memory issues,
according to Dr. Restak, is giving up on fiction.
“People, when they begin to have memory
difficulties, tend to switch to reading nonfiction,” he
[95] said.
    Over his decades of treating patients, Dr.
Restak has noticed that fiction requires active
engagement with the text, starting at the beginning
and working through to the end. “You have to
[100] remember what the character did on page 3, by the
time you get to page 11,” he said.
    Beware of technology.
    Among Dr. Restak’s new sins of memory, two
are associated with technology.
[105]     First is what he calls “technological distortion.”
Storing everything on your phone means that “you
don’t know it,” Dr. Restak said, which can erode our
own mental abilities. “Why bother to focus,
concentrate and apply effort to visualize something
[110] when a cellphone camera can do all the work for
you?” he wrote.
    The second way our relationship with
technology is detrimental for memory is because it
often takes our focus away from the task at hand. “In
[115] our day, the greatest impediment of memory is
distraction,” Dr. Restak wrote. Many of these tools
have been designed with the aim of addicting the
person using them. As a result, we are often
distracted by them. People today can check their
[120] email while streaming Netflix, talking with a friend or
walking down the street. All of this impedes our
ability to focus on the present moment, which is
critical for encoding memories.
    Determine whether there is cause for concern.
[125]    Throughout his career, Dr. Restak has been
asked by dozens of patients how they can improve
their memory. But not all memory lapses are
problematic. For instance — not remembering where

you parked your car in a crowded lot is pretty
[130] normal. Forgetting how you arrived at the parking lot
in the first place, however, indicates potential
memory issues.
    There is no simple solution to knowing what
should be of concern, Dr. Restak said — much of it is
[135] context-dependent. For instance, it’s normal to
forget the room number of your hotel, but not the
address of your apartment. If you’re concerned, it’s
best to consult with a medical expert.

Adapted from: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/06/

How The Death Of Mahsa Amini Pushed Iranian Women Over The Edge Of Revolution

The protests that were ignited by Mahsa Amini's custodial death in Tehran are now raging across 40 provinces of the nation with over 70 people believed to have been killed in the unrest.

Latest Issue

Jheelum Basu

UPDATED: 10 OCT 2022 8:53 AM

The spontaneous outburst of anger over the death of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old woman while being in the custody of Iran’s ‘Morality Police’ has barreled into the third week now. And the flames of protests look like they are here to stay.

The guidance patrols or Gasht-e-Ershad, commonly known as the ’Morality Police’ of Iran, detained Amini on September 13 for flouting the country’s dress code for women as she apparently was wearing an ‘improper head covering’.

After enjoying a little leniency in the Hijab rule during the more reformist Hassan Rouhani’s regime, women in Iran again were made to abide by stringent restrictions on clothing once the hardliner President Ebrahim Raisi took over the post in 2021.

According to Islamic Republic’s present advisory, women are advised to cover up in public by wearing a “hijab” or headscarf that is supposed to completely hide the hair.

Authorities claimed that Mahsa succumbed to death on September 16 owing to a cardiac failure three days after falling into a coma while her family, rejecting the possibility of any underlying medical condition to be the cause of her death, firmly pointed towards custodial brutality and asserted that she was beaten.

‘She was tortured, according to eyewitnesses’, said Amini’s cousin Erfan Mortazaei, as per media reports.

“She was tortured in the van after her arrest, then tortured at the police station for half an hour, then hit on her head and she collapsed”, he added.

The protests that were ignited by her death in Tehran are now raging across 40 provinces of the nation. The unrest is believed to have killed over seventy people so far while countless people got arrested. The authorities have imposed stringent restrictions on internet services and clamped down on protesters. Access to social media platforms and messaging applications has also been curtailed.

A questão se refere ao texto a seguir:

  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is going to play an enormous role in our lives and in the global economy. It is the key to
self-driving cars, the Amazon Alexa in your home, autonomous trading desks on Wall Street, innovation in medicine,
and cyberwar defenses.
   Technology is rarely good nor evil — it’s all in how humans use it. AI could do an enormous amount of good and
[5] solve some of the world’s hardest problems, but that same power could be turned against us. AI could be set up to inflict
bias based on race or beliefs, invade our privacy, learn about and exploit our personal weaknesses — and do a lot of
nefarious things we can’t yet foresee.
  Which means that our policymakers must understand and help guide AI so it benefits society. […] We don’t
want overreaching regulation that goes beyond keeping us safe and ends up stifling innovation. Regulators helped make
[10] it so difficult to develop atomic energy, today the U.S. gets only 20% of its electricity from nuclear power. So, while we
need a Federal Artificial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA, I would prefer to see it created as a public-private partnership.
Washington should bring in AI experts from the tech industry to a federal agency designed to understand and direct AI
and to inform lawmakers. Perhaps the AI experts would rotate through Washington on a kind of public service tour of 

duty.
[15]  Importantly, we’re at the beginning of a new era in government — one where governance is software-defined.
The nature of AI and algorithms means we need to develop a new kind of agency — one that includes both humans and
software. The software will help monitor algorithms. Existing, old-school regulations that rely on manual enforcement are
 too cumbersome to keep up with technology and too “dumb” to monitor algorithms in a timely way.
  Software-defined regulation can monitor software-driven industries better than regulations enforced by squads of
[20] regulators. Algorithms can continuously watch emerging utilities such as Facebook, looking for details and patterns that
humans might never catch, but nonetheless signal abuses. If Congress wants to make sure Facebook doesn’t exploit
political biases, it could direct the FAIA to write an algorithm to look for the behavior.
  It’s just as important to have algorithms that keep an eye on the role of humans inside these companies. We
 want technology that can tell if Airbnb hosts are illegally turning down minorities or if Facebook’s human editors
[25] are squashing conservative news headlines.
The watchdog algorithms can be like open-source software — open to examination by anyone, while the
companies keep private proprietary algorithms and data. If the algorithms are public, anyone can run various datasets
against them and analyze for “off the rails” behaviors and unexpected results.
  Clearly, AI needs some governance. As Facebook is proving, we can’t rely on companies to monitor and regulate
[30] themselves. Public companies, especially, are incentivized to make the biggest profits possible, and their algorithms will
optimize for financial goals, not societal goals. But as a tech investor, I don’t want to see an ill-informed Congress set up
regulatory schemes for social networks, search and other key services that then make our dynamic tech companies as
dull and bureaucratic as electric companies. […] Technology companies and policymakers need to come together soon
and share ideas about AI governance and the establishment of a software-driven AI agency. [...]
[35]  Let’s do this before bad regulations get enacted — and before AI gets away from us and does more damage. We
have a chance right now to tee up AI so it does tremendous good. To unleash it in a positive direction, we need to get
the checks and balances in place right now

Adaptado de