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Arraiá | Topo de Questões

Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Causative form

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Questão 47 5950096
Médio 00:00

PUC-MG Medicina 2021/2
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar Vocabulary
  • Causative form Idiomatic expressions
  • Clauses (have/get)
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Why do we buy into the 'cult' of overwork?

 

By Bryan Lufkin, 9th May 2021

 

Although many of us associate overly ambitious workaholism with the 1980s and the finance industry, the tendency to devote ourselves to work and glamourize long-hours culture remains as pervasive as ever. In fact, it is expanding into more sectors and professions, in slightly different packaging. Overwork isn't a phenomenon exclusive to Silicon Valley or Wall Street. People work long hours all over the world, for many different reasons

 

In Japan, a culture of overwork can be traced back to the 1950s, when the government pushed hard for the country to be rebuilt quickly after World War Two. In Arab League countries, burnout is high among medical professionals, possibly because its 22 members are developing nations with overburdened healthcare systems, studies suggest. Reasons for overwork also depend on industry. Some of the earliest researchers on burnout in the 1970s asserted that many people in jobs geared toward helping others, like employees in clinics or crisis-intervention centers, tended to work long hours that led to emotional and physical exhaustion – a trend which is shown up in the pandemic, too. But millions of us overwork because somehow, we think it’s exciting – a status symbol that puts us on the path to success, whether we define that by wealth or an Instagram post that makes it seem like we're living a dream life with a dream job. Romanticization of work seems to be an especially common practice among "knowledge workers" in the middle and upper classes. In 2014, the New Yorker called this devotion to overwork "a cult".

 

According to Anat Lechner, clinical associate professor of management at New York University. "We glorify the lifestyle, and the lifestyle is: you breathe something, you sleep with something, you wake up and work on it all day long, then you go to sleep. Again, and again and again."

Adapted from: Home - BBC Worklife.

What does the word “for” in “for many different reasons” indicate?

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Questão 34 3640117
Médio 00:00

EEAR 2019/2
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Causative form
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Choose the correct active form for the sentence: “The history of humankind has been marked by patterns of growth and decline.”

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Questão 8 1259320
Médio 00:00

FGV-SP Economia - 1ºFase - LEI/FIS/QUI/LPO - BLOCO 02 2017
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Causative form
  • Clauses (have/get)
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Leia o texto para responder à questão

 

Patience is needed for Brazil to come good again

Michael Hasenstab

 

Dr. Michael Hasenstab is executive vice-president, portfolio manager and chief investment officer of Templeton Global Macro

 

    The Olympic Games in Rio drew global interest to Brazil, but the country and the rest of South America has been in sharp focus for investors all year. They have flocked to the region as part of a broader migration into emerging market debt, following record low valuations and the hunt for yield in a low interest rate environment. While investors have been presented with a rarely seen buying opportunity in emerging markets like South America, it is a mistake to regard these countries as a homogenous group.

    That leaves the challenge of working out which are the most attractive opportunities – some of our best known investments were not obvious choices.

    We have devised a formula to help us evaluate the fundamental strength of different emerging market countries. It scores a country’s current and projected strength on five factors: how well it has learnt the lessons from past crises; the quality of its policy mix; the structural reform being undertaken to boost productivity; the level of domestic demand; and its ability to resist external shocks. The aim is to pick nations that are fundamentally strong but, for one reason or another, are out of favour with investors. It can take time for the market to catch up to reality. But if you are a long-term investor – and we are certainly in that camp – you have the luxury of being able to wait.

    Brazil, for example, is known as a vulnerable market due to the commodities downturn, the ongoing corruption crisis and ensuing political turmoil, but our work suggests to us that it is poised for a potentially significant rebound in the long term. Its current score is low, but its projected future score tells a different story.

    We believe the country has learnt the lessons from the most recent crisis, which brought home the importance of having a sustainable fiscal policy. It has already adopted a flexible exchange rate, has strong foreign exchange reserves and has limited short-term debt. This is also reflected in the country’s improving resilience to external shocks, with a reliance on commodities, at 60 per cent of exports, being the largest remaining negative.

    It is perhaps no surprise, given Brazil’s deep recession and political instability, that there is much work required in terms of improving policy mix, making structural reforms and boosting domestic demand. However, there are signs things are being turned around, with monetary policy already being tightened aggressively to bring inflation expectations back under control, and the previously excessive levels of governmentsubsidised lending being cut. Once political stability returns, the government will be empowered to do even more.

    Work on structural reform should accelerate too, as Brazil’s middle class has made it clear it wants greater transparency and an economic policy

framework that can both boost living standards and improve the environment for businesses.

(www.ft.com. 01.09.2016. Adaptado)

In the excerpt of the fourth paragraph “Brazil, for example, is known as a vulnerable market due to the commodities downturn”, the expression in bold introduces a

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Questão 59 172995
Médio 00:00

UFRGS FIS - LIT - ING - ESP 2017
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Causative form Prepositions Questions
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

Antony’s lines from Act III, Scene 2 of Julius Caesar

 

[1] Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;

I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.

The evil that men do lives after them;

The good is often interred with their bones;

[5] So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus

Has told you Caesar was ambitious:

If it were so, it was a grievous fault,

And grievously has Caesar answered it.

Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest–

[10] For Brutus is an honourable man;

So are they all, all honourable men–

Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral.

He was my friend, faithful and just to me:

But Brutus says he was ambitious;

[15] And Brutus is an honourable man.

He has brought many captives home to Rome

Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill:

Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?

When the poor have cried, Caesar has wept:

[20] Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:

Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;

And Brutus is an honourable man.

You all did see that on the Lupercal

I thrice presented him a kingly crown,

[25] Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?

Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;

And, sure, he is an honourable man.

I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,

But here I am to speak what I do know.

[30] You all did love him once, not without cause:

What cause withholds you then, to mourn for him?

O judgment! you are fled to brutish beasts,

And men have lost their reason. Bear with me;

My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,

[35] And I must pause till it come back to me.

Adaptado de: SHAKESPEARE, W. The Life and Death of Julius Caesar. Disponível em: . Acesso em: 12 nov. 2016. 

 

Em qual das alternativas abaixo o segmento grifado apresenta a mesma função gramatical de what I do know (l. 29)?

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Questão 12 151595
Médio 00:00

FMP 2017
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar
  • Causative form
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

THE BRAIN

 

The brain controls all the body’s functions – from

consciousness and heart rate to thinking, memory

and emotion. It is the most complex thing we know of,

and the gaps in our knowledge about how it works are

vast. Neuroscientists have the daunting job of making

sense of this complicated organ – to provide insights

into our minds and behaviour and to find ways to

tackle debilitating brain diseases and injuries. Brain

injuries can occur in many ways, such as through

accidents, stroke or infections. The rehabilitation

group at the Medical Research Council Cognition

and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge specialises

in helping people with brain injuries to compensate

for cognitive problems and to cope with everyday life.

Its work includes developing new ways to measure

the problems faced by people with brain injuries and

developing new treatments. The scientists are also

interested in finding out more about how people

recover from brain injury and related memory loss.

The brain stem controls our core body functions –

the things our body must do unconsciously to keep us

alive, such as altering our heart beat and regulating

our blood pressure and body temperature. It also

controls functions such as alertness, swallowing,

digestion and breathing.

Consciousness is part of what makes each of us

unique. It encompasses many of our ideas, thoughts,

feelings, plans and memories. Conscious thought is

different from the unconscious workings of the brain

– which enable us to breathe, walk and talk and our

hearts to beat automatically. There are two aspects to

consciousness: awareness and wakefulness.

— Awareness refers to our internal, subjective

experience. It includes self awareness – the ability to

understand that you exist, as an individual, separate

from other people and with private thoughts. It also

includes awareness of the relationship between

oneself and one’s environment through use of our

senses and by thinking about ideas and acting upon

them using judgement.

— Wakefulness refers to different levels of

conscious awareness. Each day we experience a

spectrum of wakefulness, from full attentiveness, such

as if we are involved in an interesting conversation,

through inattentiveness, drowsiness and normal

sleep. Following some types of brain injury or during

anaesthesia people can’t be woken: they have a lower

level of wakefulness. Brain death lies at the far end of

this spectrum.

These two aspects of consciousness normally go

hand-in-hand; we don’t expect to have an interesting

conversation with someone who is asleep. However,

we can possess awareness when we are asleep, for

example when we dream.

Where does consciousness come from?

Scientists have amassed much evidence linking

different aspects of consciousness to our brain. We

now know that consciousness requires many parts of

the brain to work together. Parts of the cerebral cortex

act together to produce our thoughts and experiences.

A functioning thalamus is also required to produce

wakefulness – we know this because if a part of the

thalamus called the centromedian nucleus becomes

damaged, we become unconscious.

Unconsciousness can also be caused by

anaesthesia, or changes to the body’s internal

environment such as a rise or drop in core body

temperature or a lack of oxygen. A prolonged period

of unconsciousness is known as a coma. Sometimes,

after a severe brain injury, a person can enter a

vegetative state (VS). Unlike coma patients, VS

patients show normal wake/sleep cycles, but even

when they are awake they show no external sign of

awareness. When all electrical activity in the brain

stops irreversibly, this is known as brain death.

Scientists at the MRC Cognition and Brain

Sciences Unit in Cambridge study patients with

disorders of consciousness. Their work recently

revealed that a woman who was diagnosed as

being in a persistent vegetative state following

a car accident was aware of her surroundings.

Working with colleagues in Belgium, the scientists

used functional magnetic resonance imaging

(fMRI) to map the woman’s brain activity. She was

physically unresponsive and fulfilled all the criteria

for a diagnosis of vegetative state according to

international guidelines. But scans showed that her

brain responded to speech. Her brain also actively

processed the meaning of sentences, becoming

more active when she heard sentences containing

words with several meanings, like ‘rain’ and ‘reign’.

When asked to imagine playing tennis or moving

around her home, brain scans showed that the

woman could do this, activating various areas of her

brain in the same way as healthy volunteers. “These

are startling results. They confirm that, despite the

diagnosis of vegetative state, this patient retained

the ability to understand spoken commands and

to respond to them through her brain activity,” said

one of the researchers. “Her decision to work with

us represents a clear act of intent which confirmed

beyond any doubt that she was consciously aware of

herself and her surroundings.”

Doctors use different levels of sedation to reduce

people’s awareness of their bodies and surroundings.

For example, high levels of anaesthetic drugs cause

general anaesthesia: a complete loss of consciousness.

Another team of scientists at the MRC Cognition and

Brain Sciences Unit used fMRI to study how sedation

affects the brain’s processing of speech. Working with

researchers at the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre in

Cambridge, they found that during heavy sedation,

volunteers’ brains still responded to the sounds of

speech but they were unable to process or remember

it. The findings have important implications for the care

of patients undergoing general anaesthesia or coming

out of a coma.

Available at: <http://www.mrc.ac.uk/publications/browse/the-brain-mrc- -research-for-lifelong-health/>. Retrieved on: 28 June 2016. Adapted.

In the text fragment “... specialises in helping people with brain injuries to compensate for cognitive problems and to cope with everyday life” (lines 12-14), the words injuries and compensate for can be respectively replaced, without change in meaning, by the following pair of words

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Questão 20 306886
Médio 00:00

FCM PB 2016/2
  • Inglês
  • Sugira
  • Grammar Interpretação de texto
  • Adjectives Adverbs Articles Causative form Nouns
  • Adverbs from adjectives (-ly) Ending in -ed and -ing Indefinite Uncountable
  • Exibir tags
Resolução comentada

TEXTO II

“'Major' Ketamine Discovery May Lead to New Antidepressants

 

  The possibility of an antidepressant that delivers ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects but none of its potential harms may be one step closer, new research shows.

  Investigators at the National Institute of Health (NIMH) have discovered that ketamine rapidly lifts depression via a by-product of its metabolism. This metabolite singularly reversed depression-like behaviors in mice without triggering any of the anesthetic, dissociative, or addictive side effects associated with ketamine.

  "This discovery changes our understanding of how this rapid antidepressant mechanism works and holds promise for the development of more robust and safer treatments," study investigator Carlos Zarate, MD, National Institute of Mental Health, Methesda, Maryland, said in a statement."Ketamine is a reasonable option to consider when patients have tried everything else, as long as it's in the right hands and given at the right time," Dr Zarate told Medscape Medical News."But if you had an alternative drug that works rapidly but which doesn't have any risk of addiction or cause any of ketamine's side effects, you open up the possibility of many others being able to receive an alternative to ketamine," he added.

The study, led by Panos Zanos, PhD, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, was published online May 4th in Nature.‖

(Adapted from: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/863115)

"[…] This metabolite singularly reversed depression-like behaviors in mice without triggering any of the anesthetic, dissociative, or addictive side effects associated with ketamine. […]‖

Assign the correct grammatical classes based on the order that they appear in the sentence above.

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