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    The Amazon has existed as a dense and humid rainforest full of life for at least 55 million years. But in a new paper, scientists claim that over 75% of the ecosystem has been losing resilience since the early 2000s due to climate change. This process appears to be most prominent in areas that are closer to human activity, as well as in those receiving less rainfall.

    The resilience of an ecosystem — its capacity to maintain usual processes like the regrowth of vegetation following drought — is a notoriously difficult concept for scientists to measure. In this paper, the authors analysed satellite images of remote areas of rainforest across the Amazon from 1991 to 2016. Using a measurement called vegetation optical depth, they suggested that forest biomass (the total weight of organisms in a given area) is taking longer to recover in these
places as stresses accumulate.

    This, the authors argue, suggests that longer dry seasons and drier conditions caused by climate change are undermining the rainforest’s ability to recover from successive droughts. The authors note, for example, that drought-sensitive tree species are being replaced with drought-resistant ones at a much slower rate compared with rapid changes in the regional climate. This could mean that the Amazon is approaching a tipping point which, if passed, would lead to the collapse of the rainforest into a dry grassland or savanna.

(https://theconversation.com, 07.03.2022. Adaptado.)

Read the text below and answer the question.

What Is a Neutron Bomb?
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com Guide

    (1) A neutron bomb, also called an enhanced radiation bomb, is a type of thermonuclear
weapon. An enhanced radiation bomb is any weapon which uses fusion to enhance the production
of radiation beyond that which is normal for an atomic device. In a neutron bomb, the burst of
neutrons generated by the fusion reaction is intentionally allowed to escape using X-ray mirrors and
an atomically inert shell casing, such as chromium or nickel. The energy yield for a neutron bomb
may be as little as half that of a conventional device, though radiation output is only slightly less.
Although considered to be 'small' bombs, a neutron bomb still has a yield in the tens or hundreds of
kilotons range. Neutron bombs are expensive to make and maintain because they require
considerable amounts of tritium, which has a relatively short half-life (12.32 years). Manufacture of
the weapons requires that a constant supply of tritium of be available. Neutron bombs have a
relatively short shelf-life.

    (13) U.S. research on neutron bombs began in 1958 at the University of California's
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory under the direction of Edward Teller. News that a neutron bomb
was under development was publically released in the early 1960s. It is thought that the first
neutron bomb was built by scientists at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in 1963, and was tested
underground 70 mi. north of Las Vegas, also in 1963. The first neutron bomb was added to the U.S.
weapons arsenal in 1974. That bomb was designed by Samuel Cohen and was produced at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

    (21) The primary strategic uses of a neutron bomb would be as an anti-missile device, to kill
soldiers who are protected by armor, to temporarily or permanently disable armored targets, or to
take out targets fairly close to friendly forces. It is untrue that neutron bombs leave buildings and
other structures intact. This is because the blast and thermal effects are damaging much further out
than the radiation. Although military targets may be fortified, civilian structures are destroyed by a
relatively mild blast. Armor, on the other hand, isn't affected by thermal effects or the blast except
very near to ground zero. However, armor, and the personnel directing, it is damaged by the intense
radiation of a neutron bomb. In the case of armored targets, the lethal range from neutron bombs
greatly exceeds that of other weapons. Also, the neutrons interact with the armor and can make
armored targets radioactive and unusable (usually 24-48 hours). For example, M-1 tank armor
includes depleted uranium, which can undergo fast fission and can be made to be radioactive when
bombarded with neutrons. As an anti-missile weapon, enhanced radiation weapons can intercept
and damage the electronic components of incoming warheads with the intense neutron flux
generated upon their detonation.

(Taken from the website: http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryfaqs/f/neutronbomb.htm).

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Life and the Movies

  Joey Potter looked at her friend Dawson Leery and she smiled sadly.

  “Life isn’t like a movie, Dawson,” she said. “We can’t write happy endings to all our relationships.”

  Joey was a pretty girl with long brown hair. Both Joey and Dawson were nearly sixteen years old. The two teenagers had problems. All teenagers have the same problems - life, love, school work, and parents. It isn’t easy to become an adult.

  Dawson loved movies. He had always loved movies. He took film classes in school. He made short movies himself. Dawson wanted to be a film director. His favorite director was Steven Spielberg. Dawson spent a lot of his free time filming with his video camera. He loved watching videos of great movies from the past. Most evenings, he watched movies with Joey.

  “These days, Dawson always wants us to behave like people in movies,” Joey thought. And life in the little seaside town of Capeside wasn’t like the movies.

  Joey looked at the handsome, blond boy who was sitting next to her. She thought about the years of their long friendship. They were best friends...

ANDERS, C. J. Retold by CORNISH, F. H. Dawson’s Creek. Shifting into overdrive. Oxford, Macmillan, 2005.

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    The Brazilian culture is one of the world’s most varied and diverse. This is due to its being a melting pot of nationalities, (I) __________ a result of centuries of European domination (II) _________ slavery, which brought hordes of African migrants across Brazil’s borders to live in and influence the local cultures with their ancient customs and ideas. The European settlers also brought ideas, innovations (III) ______ belief systems with them, shaping the local societies significantly. All of these different influences have meant that the modern-day Brazilian culture is unique and very complex.

    At present, Brazil has a population of about 190 million people. Of these, more than half are white (IV)__________ includes Portuguese, Italian, Polish etc... individuals), just fewer than 40% are mixed black and white and less than 10% are black.

    Approximately 80% of the population ascribes to the Roman Catholic faith. This is due to the intense Portuguese occupation of centuries ago. These European settlers taught the indigenous tribes Catholicism, built churches and established traditions and customs that originated in this church.

    Also due to the mass Portuguese settlements during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, this language is the official language of Brazil. There are small numbers of indigenous people and immigrants who still speak their own tongues, but these are certainly among the vast minority.

    Brazilians, as a nation, focus much importance on the family structure and the values that are entrenched within that institution. Families are usually large, and even extended family members are close with one another, providing much-needed help and support to each other (V) ___________ and (VI) ______________ necessary.

Adapted Text - Available at: https://www.brazil.org.za/brazil-culture.html#:~:text= The%20Brazilian%20culture%20is%20one%20of%20the%20 world's%20most%20varied%20and%20diverse.&text=At%20 present%2C%20Brazil%20has%20a,less%20than%2010%25 %20are%20black.. Access on: 08 jan. 2021.

Analise o gráfico e leia o texto para responder à questão.

The cost of closed schools

Countries’ response to school closures
By remote-learning type and income group, %

    Three-quarters of the world’s children live in countries where classrooms are closed. As lockdowns ease, schools should be among the first places to reopen. Children seem to be less likely than adults to catch covid-19. And the costs of closure are staggering: in the lost productivity of home schooling parents; and, far more important, in the damage done to children by lost learning. The costs fall most heavily on the youngest, who among other things miss out on picking up social and emotional skills; and on the less welloff, who are less likely to attend online lessons and who may be missing meals as well as classes. West African children whose schools were closed during the Ebola epidemic in 2014 are still paying the price.

(www.economist.com, 01.05.2020. Adaptado.)

Irena Sendler

    Irena Sendler, who has died in a Warsaw hospital at the age of 98, was one of the heroes of the
Nazi occupation ____ Poland. As a member of Zegota, the Council for Providing Aid to the Jews, an
organisation set up by the Polish underground state and financed by the Polish government-in-exile in
London, she succeeded ____ saving around 2,500 Jewish children in the Warsaw ghetto ____ certain
[05] death in the Nazi extermination camps.

    Born in Otwock, a resort town near Warsaw much frequented by Jews before the war, Sendler was
the only daughter of a doctor, Stanislaw Krzyzanowski, known for his sympathetic approach towards his
Jewish neighbours. Unusually for a Catholic child, Sendler was allowed to play with Jewish children as she
grew up. She studied Polish literature and became active in the Polish Socialist party. At the time of the
[10] Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, she was also working as a social care nurse for the Warsaw city welfare
department.

    During the Nazi occupation, conditions for the Jews in Warsaw deteriorated dramatically as more than
400,000 people were confined in the city’s ghetto, an area of perhaps four square kilometres, which was
then, in 1940, sealed off. Sendler was involved in providing assistance to those in need, and in December
[15] 1942 – soon after the deportation of Jews had begun to the Treblinka death camp – she became head of
the children’s department of Zegota. She was motivated, above all, by her sense of social justice and her
feelings of obligation to her Jewish friends. 

    When the German authorities decided finally to liquidate the Warsaw ghetto in 1943, Sendler was
one of a group of around 20 Zegota members who organised the evacuation of children, placing them in
[20] Polish families, orphanages and convents. She was able to move around the ghetto legally, disguised as
a public-health nurse responsible for investigating a suspected typhus epidemic. Sometimes, the children
were hidden in a lorry driven by a fellow conspirator, Antoni Dzbrowski. A mechanic reportedly hid babies
in his toolbox. At other times, they were given sleeping draughts and transported to what was known as
the “Aryan” side – outside the ghetto – in baskets, or chests in ambulances or streetcars. German officials
[25] were told they had died of typhus.

     The escaping children were provided with false identities, and many of those who remained in Poland
were taught Christian prayers, so they would blend into the community more easily. But their real names
and details of their families were written down in code and buried in jam jars, which were dug up after the
war. This meant that once the conflict was over the children were able to discover who they really were.

 [30]   In October 1943, at the height of this rescue operation, Sendler was arrested by the Gestapo. She was
brutally tortured in the notorious Pawiak prison and sentenced to death. But she never revealed details of
her contacts and, by bribing her guards, other members of Zegota were able to obtain her release. 

    After Poland’s liberation in 1945, Sendler returned to the Warsaw welfare department, co-founding an
orphanage and an old people’s home and organising a service to deal with women and children in need.
[35] She stayed in contact with some of the children she had rescued, many of whom eventually found their
way to Palestine. 

     There was little recognition for Sendler’s work in Poland in the immediate aftermath of the war, but in
1965 she was awarded the title of “Righteous Among the Nations” by the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial
centre in Jerusalem, and in 1991 was granted honorary citizenship by the state of Israel. In 2006 she
[40] was nominated for the Nobel peace prize by an American teacher, Norman Conrad, whose students had
written a play and made a documentary film about her, entitled Life in a Jar. Her Polish awards included
the Jan Karski award for moral courage (named after a Polish resistance fighter), the Order of the White
Eagle and honorary citizenship of Warsaw. In 2006, a biography of her appeared in Germany and Poland.

    The greatness of Sendler’s achievements was widely accepted. According to Elzbieta Ficowska, one
[45] of those saved as a five-month-old baby in July 1942 and now the wife of a leading Polish poet: “It took a
miracle to save a Jewish child. Sendler saved not only us, but also our children and grandchildren and the
generations to come”. 

She died on the same day as a ceremony naming a Warsaw school, Gymnasium Nº 23, in her honour.

Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/14/secondworldwar.poland. Acesso em: 16 ago. 18. (Adaptado.)