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    There are as many ways of being blind as there

are of being tall, or sick, or hot. But the popular 
view has always conceived …….. blindness as a

totality. The blind bards wandering the

[5] countrysides of ancient Japan, China, or Europe, 
the blind housed in asylums in the Middle Ages, 
all the pupils in all the schools for the blind from 
the Enlightenment onward, blind beggars and

lawyers, war veterans and toddlers - in the eyes

[10] of history, as well as those of most of their 
contemporaries, they all saw nothing. Modern 
dictionaries still subscribe to this sense: 
blindness is the antonym of vision, and connotes 
a destitution of sight. What else could it mean?

[15]    Despite the poetic impulse to equate blindness

…….. darkness, it's rarely experienced as a black

veil draped over the world. Only around 15 
percent of blind people have no light perception 
whatsoever. Most see something, even if it isn't 
[20] very useful, by sighted standards: a blurry view 
of their periphery, with nothing in the middle, or 
the inverse - the world seen through a 

buttonhole. For some, scenes come through in a 
dim haze; for others, light produces a shower of 
[25] excruciatingly bright needles. Even those with no 
light perception at all have little use for the 
popular image of blindness as darkness: the 
brain cut off from visual stimulus can still 

produce washes of brilliant color and shape. One 
[30] blind man, whose optic nerve - the connection 
between the eyes and the brain - had been 
severed, described seeing a continuously 
swirling (and distracting) "visual tinnitus." The 
Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, decades 
[35] …….. his blindness, still saw color, which

sometimes disturbed him: "I, who was 
accustomed to sleeping in total darkness," he 
said, “was bothered for a long time at having to 
sleep in this world of mist, in the greenish or 
[40] bluish mist, vaguely luminous, which is the world 
of the blind. I wanted to lie down in darkness”.

    The arrival or encroachment of blindness gives

rise to a similarly dazzling range of experiences, 
an efflorescence of blind varietals. There are 
[45] those born blind, with no visual memories, 
whose brains – including the visual cortices – 
develop using four (or fewer) senses to construct 
their view of the world. Those who become blind 
in early childhood often retain visual memories 
[50] that can contribute to an intuitive understanding 
of visual concepts. The late-blinded may have 
the most cognitive work to do, forced to relearn 
basic skills like orientation and information – 
gathering through new senses, long after their 

[55] brains' developmental plasticity has hardened. 
Some late-blinded adults consciously struggle to 
preserve their storehouses of mental images, 
like art conservators touching up old and fading 
masterpieces. 

[60]    People are blinded by their spouses or strangers,

by acts of war or sports injuries, by industrial

accidents and bad decisions, malnutrition and

infection, genetic inheritances and spontaneous

mutations. It's disingenuous to argue that

[65] blindness doesn't have a transformative impact

...….. a person's life, but in every case, blindness

is only part of the story. The life of a blind person

is never fully (or even predominantly) defined by

their blindness».

Extraído de: LELAND, A. The Country of the Blind: A memoir at the end of sight. New York: Penguin, 2023.

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    France wants to put a lid on the tourist crowds that flood historic landmarks and natural treasures each year, though officials have said it would not be easy. Tourism Minister Olivia Gregoire unveiled a plan to regulate visitor flows at the most popular sites and lay out a strategy against overtourism. She said France, the world’s biggest tourist destination, particularly needed to better manage the peak-season influxes that threatened “the environment, the quality of life for locals, and the experiences for its visitors”. The issue is urgent for prime destinations worldwide as international travel surges after covid-19 lockdowns. Many of the most revered French sites, such as the Mont-Saint-Michel abbey in Normandy, say they are overwhelmed by the number of visitors.

    On the famed Channel beach of Etretat, which saw a tourism surge thanks to the plot of the Netflix detective series “Lupin”, the 1,200 residents see up to 10,000 tourists a day in the high season. “This massive influx ends up eroding the cliffs and endangers the beach cliffs,” co-head of the Etretat Tomorrow residents’ association Shai Mallet said. She also laments the lack of local economic benefits, with visitors staying just a few hours, maybe grabbing an ice cream but not constantly frequenting restaurants or hotels.

    The government’s announcement comes as Paris, which is dealing with a housing shortage in part because homeowners prefer short-term rentals to tourists, said last week it expects 37 million tourists this year, just short of the pre-pandemic level of 38.5 million in 2019. Limits are already being set, with officials limiting day visits to the gorgeous Brittany island of Brehat at 4,700 during the peak summer months.

(www.euronews.com, 20.06.2023. Adaptado.)

Quiet quitting: The workplace trend taking over TikTok

Despite the name, "quiet quitting" actually has nothing to do with quitting your job. It means doing only what your job demands and nothing more. Quitting doing anything extra. You still show up for work but stay strictly within the boundaries of your job requirements. So, no more helping out with additional tasks or checking emails outside work hours. Since the pandemic, an increasing number of young workers have grown tired of not getting the recognition and compensation for putting in extra hours. They're saying no to burnout, and instead focusing on work-life balance. The movement is centered around selfpreservation and "acting your wage".

The term "quiet quitting" has taken off recently after American TikTokker @zaidlepplin posted a video on it that went viral, saying "work is not your life". Perhaps surprisingly, the overall movement may have its origins in China, where the now-censored hashtag #tangping, meaning "lie flat", was used in protest against the long-hours culture.

However, not everyone's on board with the quiet quitting phenomenon. Workplace decorum expert Pattie Ehsaei expressed her disagreement with it in a TikTok video, saying you'll never succeed at work with that mindset. "Quiet quitting is doing the bare minimum required of you at work and being content with mediocrity," she told the BBC. "Advancement and pay increases will go to those whose level of effort warrants advancement and doing the bare minimum certainly does not."

Career coach and podcast host Joanne Mallon says many of her clients have already started to quiet quit when they come to her for coaching. She says that while she would never advise someone to quiet quit, she asks them what their reasons are for doing so. According to her, "Everybody has quiet quit at some point in their lives, but ultimately it might be a sign that it's time to move on and get out of a space physically".

Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62638908 Available on September 15th, 2022.

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    Evie Kalo is what you might call a serial home-swapper. She and her husband are among the millions of global workers who became fully remote during the pandemic. Ever since, they’ve swapped their apartment in Amsterdam for a series of “workcations” across Europe, in places such as a beach in Barcelona and a French Riviera resort town. “What we love about it is that we trust people to be at our home because they are trusting us to be at theirs,” says Kalo.

    The couple tries to stay in each place for about two weeks so they can have enough time to explore sites around their busy work schedules. Home swaps allow people to attain the kind of journeying lifestyle they desire at a fraction of the cost of purchasing a pricey holiday — or second home. By capitalising on their own most valuable asset — a house or apartment — they’re able to stay in other people’s comfortable accommodations around the world.

    So far, people are finding their homes informally through work colleagues or friends. Others have turned to social media. Yet, the most popular method is the search on online marketplaces.

    Globally, the number of swaps finalised per day on Home Exchange (an online marketplace) in August 2022 was up 50% from August 2019, according to statistics provided by the company. The company has also seen the average trip length increase well beyond the standard seven days in 2019. Some 59% of its members now want to stay for 10 days or more, and many are opting for locations closer to home. Domestic travel is 25% higher than it was is 2019, which is attributed to workcation deals to a great extent.

(Mark Johanson. www.bbc.com, 30.08.2022. Adaptado.)

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    Although often used interchangeably by the general public, there are crucial distinctions between the terms “refugee” and “migrant”:

    Refugee

    Refugees are persons who are outside their country of origin for reasons of feared persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or other circumstances that have seriously disturbed public order and, as a result, require international protection. The refugee definition can be found in the 1951 Convention and regional refugee instruments, as well as United Nations Commissioner for Refugees’ (UNHCR) Statute.

    Migrant

    While there is no formal legal definition of an international migrant, most experts agree that an international migrant is someone who changes his or her country of usual residence, independently of the reason for migration or legal status. Generally, a distinction is made between short-term or temporary migration, covering movements with a duration between three and 12 months, and long-term or permanent migration, referring to a change of country of residence for a duration of one year or more.

(https://refugeesmigrants.un.org. Adaptado.)

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Since the early 1990s, an interesting phenomenon has emerged in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus – some states that, despite having their own government and state apparatus, lack international recognition. Even today, the struggle of these unrecognised states remains widely unknown. While these states have been the focus of much academic study, their very existence is often neglected by both the international community and societies in the West. In parallel, there exist in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus distinct peoples who have neither acquired recognised statehood nor any significant representation within their own countries – they are the so-called unrepresented peoples.

Today, the territory of the former Soviet Union in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus is somewhat unique for its relatively high concentration of unrecognised states and unrepresented peoples. Each of them has varying degrees of independence and autonomy. Some have de facto statehood, whereas others are distinct peoples with little to no representation or territorial autonomy. Although different, these peoples seem to have one common goal – self-determination.

The benefits of recognised statehood are numerous and often taken for granted – countries have access to various forms of international funding, for example from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF); their citizens can travel, assured that their passports will be accepted in another country; and they have a voice at international forums like the United Nations (UN), which can be an opportunity to influence international outcomes in their favour. Unrecognised states, on the other hand, are isolated internationally and can be forced to rely upon a patron state which offers them all kinds of help in exchange for their allegiance. This dependency on a patron-client relationship can lead to the client state being used as a political tool by its patron.

One key issue facing most unrecognised states is the restriction on movement imposed on their people. Because their de facto nationality is not recognised internationally, their locally-issued passports or travel documents are not considered valid for travel or entry into another country. The only way for them to travel abroad is to receive a passport from a neighbouring country, or to travel to the few countries that do recognise them. It happens that some people living in de facto states are entitled to other citizenships. In addition to unrecognised states, there also exists a number of unrepresented peoples – that is, distinct ethnic and linguistic groups that enjoy little or no representation both internationally and domestically. These peoples struggle even more for self-determination since they do not have their own autonomous territory. They find themselves even more vulnerable and are often at best ignored, or worse persecuted.

Fonte: What does it mean to be unrecognised and unrepresented? https://unpo.org/article/21947. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 07/08/2022.