Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Verbs - Present perfect continuous / progressive
Instrução: A questão estão relacionada ao texto abaixo.
If I had to sum up, in one word, the singular
talents of our species, I would answer with
“learning.” We are not simply Homo sapiens,
but Homo docens—the species that teaches
[5] itself. Most of what we know about the world
was not given to us by our genes: we had to
learn it from our environment or from those
around us. No other animal has managed to
change its ecological niche so radically, moving
[10] from the African savanna to deserts, mountains,
islands, polar ice caps, cave dwellings, cities,
and even outer space, all within a few thousand
years. Learning has fueled it all. From making
fire and designing stone tools to agriculture,
[15] exploration, and atomic fission, the story of
humanity is one of constant self-reinvention. At
the root of all these accomplishments lies one
secret: the extraordinary ability of our brain to
formulate hypotheses and select those that fit
[20] with our environment.
Learning is the triumph of our species. In our
brain, billions of parameters are free to adapt to
our environment, our language, our culture, our
parents, or our food. These parameters are
[25] carefully chosen: over the course of evolution,
the Darwinian algorithm carefully delineated
which brain circuits should be pre-wired and
which should be left open to the environment.
In our species, the contribution of learning is
[30] particularly large ........ our childhood extends
over many more years than it does for other
mammals. And because we possess a unique
knack for language and mathematics, our
learning device is able to navigate vast spaces
[35] of hypotheses that recombine into potentially
infinite sets—even if they are always grounded
in fixed and invariable foundations inherited
from our evolution.
More recently, humanity discovered that it could
[40] increase this remarkable ability even further
with the help of an institution: the classroom.
Pedagogy is an exclusive privilege of our
species: no other animal actively teaches its
offspring by setting aside specific time to
[45] monitor their progress, difficulties, and errors.
The invention of the school, an institution which
systematizes the informal education present in
all human societies, has vastly increased our
brain potential. We have discovered that we can
[50] take advantage of the exuberant plasticity of the
child brain to instill in it a maximum amount of
information and talent. Over centuries, our
school system has continued to improve in
efficiency, starting earlier and earlier in
[55] childhood and now lasting for fifteen years or
more. Increasing numbers of brains benefit
from higher education. Universities are neural
refineries where our brain circuits acquire their
best talents.
[60] Education is the main accelerator of our brain.
It is not difficult to justify its presence in the top
spots in government spending: without it, our
cortical circuits would remain diamonds in the
rough. The number of syllables a literate person
[65] can repeat is almost double that of an adult who
never attended school and remained illiterate.
And one's IQ increases by several points for
each additional year of education and literacy.
The complexity of our society owes its existence
[70] to the multiple improvements that education
brings to our cortex: reading, writing,
calculation, algebra, music, a sense of time and
space, a refinement of memory.
Adapted from: DEHAENE, Stanislas. How we learn: Why brains learn better than any machine… for now. New York: Viking Press, 2020.
Consider the statements below.
I - The use of present perfect simple in the clause No other animal has managed to change its ecological niche so radically (l. 08-09) implies that the author considers the event referred to finished and unrelated to the present.
II - The use of simple past in More recently, humanity discovered (l. 39) is a deviation from the standard norm, and the fragment would be made grammatically correct if its verb tense were the present perfect simple since the event it refers to is said to be recent.
III- The use of passive voice in the clause These parameters are carefully chosen (l. 24-25) means that the author does not know or prefers not to stress who or what makes the choice referred to.
Which ones are correct according to the text?
TEXTO
After Recovery From the Coronavirus, Most People Carry Antibodies
A new study adds to evidence of immunity among those who have already been exposed to the pathogen. A new study offers a glimmer of hope in the grim fight against the coronavirus: Nearly everyone who has had the disease — regardless of age, sex or severity of illness — makes antibodies to the virus. The study, posted online on Tuesday but not yet reviewed by experts, also hints that anyone who has recovered from infection may safely return to work — although it is unclear how long their protection might last.
“This is very good news,” said Angela Rasmussen, a virologist at Columbia University in New York who was not involved with the work.
Antibodies are immune molecules produced by the body to fight pathogens. The presence of antibodies in the blood typically confers at least some protection against the invader.
Health officials in several countries, including the United States, have hung their hopes on tests that identify coronavirus antibodies to decide who is immune and can go back to work. People who are immune could replace vulnerable individuals, especially in high-transmission settings like hospitals, building what researchers call “shield immunity” in the population.
But most antibody tests are fraught with false positives — picking up antibody signals where there are none. The new study relied on a test developed by Florian Krammer, a virologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, that has a less than 1 percent chance of producing false-positive results.
Several small studies have given reason to hope that people who have had Covid-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus, would gain some immunity for some period of time. The new study is the largest by far, with results from 1,343 people in and around New York City.
The study also eased a niggling worry that only some people — only those who were severely ill, for example — might make antibodies. In fact, the level of antibodies did not differ by age or sex, and even people who had only mild symptoms produced a healthy amount.
Having antibodies is not the same as having immunity to the virus. But in previous research, Dr. Krammer’s team has shown that antibody levels are closely linked with the ability to disarm the virus, the key to immunity.
“It really shows that most people do develop antibodies, and that there’s very good correlation between those antibodies and their capability to neutralize viruses,” Dr. Rasmussen said.
Researchers at Mount Sinai tested people who signed up to be donors of convalescent plasma, antibodies extracted from blood. The project has enrolled more than 15,000 people so far, according to Dr. Ania Wajnberg, who is leading the effort. The new study is an analysis of results of the first set of donors. Over all, only 3 percent of these participants had been seen in the emergency department or had been hospitalized. The remaining subjects had only mild or moderate symptoms.
“To my knowledge, this is the largest group of people described with mild disease,” Dr. Wajnberg said.
The criteria for inclusion became more stringent as the team learned more about the coronavirus. For example, they initially required the potential donors to be free of symptoms for only three days but later extended that to 14 days.
The team tested 624 people who had tested positive for the virus and had recovered. At first, just 511 of them had high antibody levels; 42 had low levels; and 71 had none. When 64 of the subjects with weak or no levels were retested more than a week later, however, all but three had at least some antibodies.
That suggests the timing of testing for antibodies can greatly affect the results, the researchers said. “We weren’t looking exactly at this, but we had enough to say that 14 days is probably a little too early,” Dr. Wajnberg said.
(Adapted from: www.www.nytimes.com)
Choose the correct Verb Tense for the underlined words on the sentence below:c
“Health officials in several countries, including the United States, have hung their hopes on tests that identify coronavirus antibodies to decide who is immune and can go back to work.”
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