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    Some of the world’s leading artificial intelligence (AI) researchers are calling for a pause on research into AI, claiming that safety issues must first be urgently addressed. If not, the outcomes could be devastating for humanity. Others say any pause in development would not only be impractical to enforce on a global scale, but could also stand in the way of advances that could both improve and save lives.

    The AI that is currently available already has the power to radically alter society, in new ways that we are seeing every day. So how might it progress over the coming years? Are we on the brink of an artificial intelligence-powered utopia or dystopia?

    Firstly, technology has been automating jobs since the Industrial Revolution, though never before has it happened on this scale. Everyone from truck drivers to voice over artists are at risk of being replaced by AI. A recent study found that just over 30 jobs are considered safe from automation in the near future. They range from mechanics to athletes, though they represent just a sliver of the current labour market. While new jobs will be created, there is a significant chance that the majority of the population will be left jobless. This could either lead to:

    Utopia: A new leisure class emerges, living off a universal basic income funded by taxes on robots and the companies that operate them.

    Dystopia: Mass unemployment results in social unrest, similar to the way laid off factory workers trashed the machines that replaced them. With so many jobs at risk and the potential for huge wealth inequality, some fear it could ultimately result in societal collapse.

    Secondly, artificial intelligence is already contributing to major scientific advances, dramatically accelerating the time it takes to make discoveries. It has been used to invent millions of materials that did not previously exist, find potential drug molecules 1,000 times faster than previous methods, and improve our understanding of the universe. This could either lead to:

    Utopia: Cancer and all other life-threatening diseases are cured, leading to a new age of health and prosperity. Scientists are already using AI tools to make breakthroughs in longevity medicine, which aims to end or even reverse ageing.

    Dystopia: The same AI-enabled technology could be used for malevolent purposes, creating entirely new diseases and viruses. These could be used as bioweapons, capable of devastating populations that don’t have access to cures or the tech needed to develop them.

(Anthony Cuthbertson. www.independent.co.uk, 03.05.2023. Adaptado.)

Instrução: A questão referem-se ao texto abaixo.

Britain’s miraculous, life-saving Garden shed

by Simon Heptinstall

    An elegant period home hidden among trees next to the church in a quiet English village houses
a little-known medical museum. More than 200 years ago, this whitewashed Queen Anne building was
the home of a humble country doctor called Edward Jenner. This is where the science of vaccination
began. You can step into the garden shed where Edward Jenner gave the world's first vaccination to his
[5] gardener's eight-year-old son in 1796.
    Visitors will be able to see the candle-lit study behind the staircase where Jenner's scientific notes
and drawings scratched out with an ivory dip pen sit on his round baize-covered desk. This is where he
created the word “vaccine”. On the wall is a contemporary oil painting of Blossom the cow. She was so
central to his experiments that Jenner used vacca, the Latin for “cow”, to describe what he had discovered:
[10] vaccination. Blossom, a large brown Gloucester dairy cow, was the source of the original infection of
cowpox used to create the world’s first vaccines.
    The story is heroic in its simplicity. Village legend tells that Jenner was very concerned with local
smallpox outbreaks. It was one of the most dangerous viruses humans had faced, with a death rate of
around 30% and terrible permanent disfigurement of survivors. The churchyard alongside his garden
[15] houses graves of many contemporary victims.
    It is said that a milkmaid told Jenner she wasn't worried about catching smallpox – because she'd
already caught the much milder “cowpox” from her cows. Local milkmaids knew that once you had cowpox
you never got smallpox.
    At the time, the medical profession was wrestling with emerging theories of inoculation. This simply
[20] involved injecting a dose of an actual disease, like a modern chickenpox party – where parents bring their
toddlers together to deliberately pass the infection at an early age and confer immunity against later cases,
which can have much more serious consequences. The early inoculators simply gave the full disease to
patients when they were young and strong. They hopefully survived… and then would be immune.
    Jenner was inspired by the milkmaid's comments to devise a much better solution: a harmless but
[25] effective injection to confer immunity. He hypothesised that if he gave mild cowpox to people, it would
stimulate some sort of internal safety system to protect people against smallpox. In an era of blood-letting
leeches and purgatives of mercury, this was a revolutionary concept. No-one then knew about immune
systems. In many ways, Jenner was centuries ahead of his time.
    It is not known whether his first subject, James Phipps – the gardener's eight-year-old son – volunteered
[30] or even knew what he was in for, but Jenner didn't take his contribution lightly.
    The boy survived the process, was thereafter immune to the deadly disease circulating in the area and
proved a theory that has gone on to save millions. Jenner demonstrated the world's gratitude to James by
giving him a house. Visitors can walk down a leafy path from Jenner's home to see Phipps Cottage, now
a private home marked by a plaque in Church Lane.
[35]    In the corner of his own garden, Jenner playfully named the shed where he'd given James' injection
“The Temple of Vaccinia” and characterised himself as the “faithful priest of vaccination”. Somewhat
amazingly, this quirky structure of stone, bark and thatch survives. Perhaps it should become a shrine to
the millions that immunisation has saved from many diseases since, including smallpox (now completely
eradicated thanks to vaccines), and polio.
[40]    When word of Jenner's miraculous cure for smallpox spread, queues of poor farmworkers stretched
from the shed right into the churchyard. Jenner gave life-saving jabs for free, declaring it would be “immoral”
to profit from them.
    Spotting his flute, poetry books and drawings of cuckoos, visitors can't escape the impression that
Jenner, the eighth son of Berkeley's vicar, was an inquisitive, well-meaning and downright eccentric
[45] Georgian man. For example, he met his future wife when he accidentally crash-landed his hot air balloon
in her garden. He also secretly took a cutting from a grapevine belonging to Capability Brown, a famous
18th-Century English gardener and landscape architect, at Hampton Court to plant in his greenhouse,
which is now completely filled by the flourishing vine.
   Somewhat predictably, Jenner was ridiculed by wealthy London medical “experts” who couldn't believe
[50] a rural doctor had made such a major medical breakthrough. Contemporary satirical cartoons showed
injected people turning into cows. The world's first anti-vaxxers protested against the new science.
    It took a while for the establishment to realise the significance of his work. Parliament eventually
erected Jenner's statue in Trafalgar Square in 1858 – but after anti-vaxxing protests, it was moved to the
more secluded Kensington Gardens four years later.
[55]    Once the world started realising how important Jenner's invention was, the praise began to roll in.

Although he never seemed to have profited from the vaccine, perhaps he valued some of the comments
more than any riches. Then US president Thomas Jefferson wrote directly to Jenner from America in 1806
saying that “mankind can never forget that you have lived”, and the museum dedicated to his life and work
is the place that ensures that never happens.

Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220213-britains-miraculous-life-saving-garden-shed. Acesso em: 11 ago. 2022. (Parcial e adaptado.)

TEXT FOR QUESTION

Available at: https://midwaycare.org/information/patient-resource-guide/ Accessed on: July 28,2023.

Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning

    One of the basic principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine, as it is usually defined, is that vital energy, or
qi, circulates through channels in the body which connect to various organs and functions. TCM therapies,
such as cupping, acupuncture or herbal treatments, seek to activate these channels, or balance someone's
qi.
[5]   Though the methods have been in use for hundreds of years, critics argue that there is no verifiable
scientific evidence that qi actually exists.
    While the TCM industry is worth an estimated $130 billion in China alone – and the country's leaders have
thrown themselves behind promoting the practice – it has until recently largely struggled to gain widespread
acceptance outside of east Asia.
[10]    The sheer range of claimed benefits of some forms of TCM can be staggering. In a review of acupuncture
alone, the Society for Science-Based Medicine, a US-based pressure group, found practitioners offering
treatments for everything from cancer, stroke, Parkinson's, and heart disease, to asthma and autism.
    In 2009, researchers at the University of Maryland surveyed 70 systematic reviews of traditional medicines,
including acupuncture, herbal treatments and moxibustion, the burning of herbs near the skin. They found that
[15] no studies demonstrated a solid conclusion in favor of TCM due to the sparsity of evidence or the poor
methodology of the research.
    This lack of scientific rigor has created space for often outlandish claims about TCM's capabilities in
treating certain disorders – something boosted by the handful of TCM-related treatments which have been
scientifically proven to be beneficial. In 2015, Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in medicine
[20] for her work on malaria which drew on traditional practices and folklore.
    Other products derived from herbs used in TCM have also shown benefits in scientifically-controlled
experiments, vindicating TCM in the eyes of many practitioners, and there have been calls for renewed
research in this area, as well as on other ancient remedies that might hold clues to future medical advances.
    What concerns many scientists and doctors, however, is that instead of these experiments and findings
[25] boosting the reputation of an individual medicine, they are often held up as proof of the validity of the entire
field of TCM, much of which has no basis in science and can be potentially dangerous.
    "Treatments included within the wide TCM category are very different from one another," the European
doctors said. "They can only be considered to form a group of therapies from the perspective of
history/ethnology ('traditional') and geography (Chinese)."

(Adaptado de: GRIFFITHS, James. Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning. CNN Health. Data de publicação: 17 nov. 2019. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/16/health/traditional-chinese-medicine-facebook-intl-hnkwellness/index.html. Acesso em: 22 out. 2020).

Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning

    One of the basic principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine, as it is usually defined, is that vital energy, or
qi, circulates through channels in the body which connect to various organs and functions. TCM therapies,
such as cupping, acupuncture or herbal treatments, seek to activate these channels, or balance someone's
qi.
[5]   Though the methods have been in use for hundreds of years, critics argue that there is no verifiable
scientific evidence that qi actually exists.
    While the TCM industry is worth an estimated $130 billion in China alone – and the country's leaders have
thrown themselves behind promoting the practice – it has until recently largely struggled to gain widespread
acceptance outside of east Asia.
[10]    The sheer range of claimed benefits of some forms of TCM can be staggering. In a review of acupuncture
alone, the Society for Science-Based Medicine, a US-based pressure group, found practitioners offering
treatments for everything from cancer, stroke, Parkinson's, and heart disease, to asthma and autism.
    In 2009, researchers at the University of Maryland surveyed 70 systematic reviews of traditional medicines,
including acupuncture, herbal treatments and moxibustion, the burning of herbs near the skin. They found that
[15] no studies demonstrated a solid conclusion in favor of TCM due to the sparsity of evidence or the poor
methodology of the research.
    This lack of scientific rigor has created space for often outlandish claims about TCM's capabilities in
treating certain disorders – something boosted by the handful of TCM-related treatments which have been
scientifically proven to be beneficial. In 2015, Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in medicine
[20] for her work on malaria which drew on traditional practices and folklore.
    Other products derived from herbs used in TCM have also shown benefits in scientifically-controlled
experiments, vindicating TCM in the eyes of many practitioners, and there have been calls for renewed
research in this area, as well as on other ancient remedies that might hold clues to future medical advances.
    What concerns many scientists and doctors, however, is that instead of these experiments and findings
[25] boosting the reputation of an individual medicine, they are often held up as proof of the validity of the entire
field of TCM, much of which has no basis in science and can be potentially dangerous.
    "Treatments included within the wide TCM category are very different from one another," the European
doctors said. "They can only be considered to form a group of therapies from the perspective of
history/ethnology ('traditional') and geography (Chinese)."

(Adaptado de: GRIFFITHS, James. Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning. CNN Health. Data de publicação: 17 nov. 2019. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/16/health/traditional-chinese-medicine-facebook-intl-hnkwellness/index.html. Acesso em: 22 out. 2020).

TEXT FOR QUESTION

Healthy Vision: Take care of your eyes!

    It’s important to take care of your eyes. Poor vision makes it harder to read, drive, and cook. The good news: Many eye problems and diseases can be treated if caught early. To make sure you keep seeing clearly, get a comprehensive dilated eye exam. An eye care professional will examine your eyes for signs of vision problems or eye diseases. It’s the best way to find out if you need glasses or contacts, or are in the early stages of a serious but treatable eye disease.

    You ___________ have a dilated eye exam regularly to check for common eye problems. If you haven’t had an exam for some time, schedule one this month. CDC’s Vision Health Initiative and the National Eye Institute are encouraging Americans to take care of their eyes to make sure they can see well throughout their lives.

    ______________ older adults tend to have more vision problems, preschoolers may not see as well as they should. Just 1 out of every 7 preschoolers receives an eye exam, and fewer than 1 out of every 4 receives some type of vision screening. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends vision screening for all children ages 3 to 5 years to find conditions such as amblyopia, or lazy eye that can be treated effectively if caught early.

(Disponível em https://www.cdc.gov/media/matte/2012/08- heathy-vision.pdf?cid=2012_08_ healthy_vision#:~:text=Taking%20care%20of%20your%20eyes, for%20falls%2C%20injury%20and%20depression. Acesso em 19 fev. 2021.)