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    Paul McCartney is an English singer, songwriter and musician who gained worldwide fame with The Beatles, a rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. He has collaborated with countless artists over his 60-year career, from Rihanna to Michael Jackson. Now, the former Beatle has teamed up with artificial intelligence (AI). In a recent interview, the 80-year-old revealed that AI has made it possible to release one “last Beatles record.”

    McCartney said that during the creation of the docuseries “The Beatles: Get Back”, produced in 2021 by Peter Jackson, they found an old demo tape that John Lennon had recorded. Through the use of artificial intelligence, they were able to start the process of taking the decades-old recording and turning it into something usable.

    “Peter Jackson was able to extricate John’s voice from an old cassette tape,” McCartney said. “He could tell the machine ‘That’s the voice. This is the guitar. Lose the guitar.’ We were able to take John’s voice and get it pure through this AI,” McCartney continued. “Then we could mix the record as you would normally do.”

    Though McCartney called recent uses of AI in music “kind of scary” — in April, a rap song featuring AI-generated voices mimicking Drake and The Weeknd was yanked from streaming services — the “Let It Be” singer admitted that the technology is “exciting, because it’s the future. There’s a good side to it, and then a scary side. And we’ll just have to see where that leads,” he said.

(Nicolas Vega. www.cnbc.com, 14.06.2023. Adaptado.)

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Britain’s miraculous, life-saving Garden shed

by Simon Heptinstall

    An elegant period home hidden among trees next to the church in a quiet English village houses
a little-known medical museum. More than 200 years ago, this whitewashed Queen Anne building was
the home of a humble country doctor called Edward Jenner. This is where the science of vaccination
began. You can step into the garden shed where Edward Jenner gave the world's first vaccination to his
[5] gardener's eight-year-old son in 1796.
    Visitors will be able to see the candle-lit study behind the staircase where Jenner's scientific notes
and drawings scratched out with an ivory dip pen sit on his round baize-covered desk. This is where he
created the word “vaccine”. On the wall is a contemporary oil painting of Blossom the cow. She was so
central to his experiments that Jenner used vacca, the Latin for “cow”, to describe what he had discovered:
[10] vaccination. Blossom, a large brown Gloucester dairy cow, was the source of the original infection of
cowpox used to create the world’s first vaccines.
    The story is heroic in its simplicity. Village legend tells that Jenner was very concerned with local
smallpox outbreaks. It was one of the most dangerous viruses humans had faced, with a death rate of
around 30% and terrible permanent disfigurement of survivors. The churchyard alongside his garden
[15] houses graves of many contemporary victims.
    It is said that a milkmaid told Jenner she wasn't worried about catching smallpox – because she'd
already caught the much milder “cowpox” from her cows. Local milkmaids knew that once you had cowpox
you never got smallpox.
    At the time, the medical profession was wrestling with emerging theories of inoculation. This simply
[20] involved injecting a dose of an actual disease, like a modern chickenpox party – where parents bring their
toddlers together to deliberately pass the infection at an early age and confer immunity against later cases,
which can have much more serious consequences. The early inoculators simply gave the full disease to
patients when they were young and strong. They hopefully survived… and then would be immune.
    Jenner was inspired by the milkmaid's comments to devise a much better solution: a harmless but
[25] effective injection to confer immunity. He hypothesised that if he gave mild cowpox to people, it would
stimulate some sort of internal safety system to protect people against smallpox. In an era of blood-letting
leeches and purgatives of mercury, this was a revolutionary concept. No-one then knew about immune
systems. In many ways, Jenner was centuries ahead of his time.
    It is not known whether his first subject, James Phipps – the gardener's eight-year-old son – volunteered
[30] or even knew what he was in for, but Jenner didn't take his contribution lightly.
    The boy survived the process, was thereafter immune to the deadly disease circulating in the area and
proved a theory that has gone on to save millions. Jenner demonstrated the world's gratitude to James by
giving him a house. Visitors can walk down a leafy path from Jenner's home to see Phipps Cottage, now
a private home marked by a plaque in Church Lane.
[35]    In the corner of his own garden, Jenner playfully named the shed where he'd given James' injection
“The Temple of Vaccinia” and characterised himself as the “faithful priest of vaccination”. Somewhat
amazingly, this quirky structure of stone, bark and thatch survives. Perhaps it should become a shrine to
the millions that immunisation has saved from many diseases since, including smallpox (now completely
eradicated thanks to vaccines), and polio.
[40]    When word of Jenner's miraculous cure for smallpox spread, queues of poor farmworkers stretched
from the shed right into the churchyard. Jenner gave life-saving jabs for free, declaring it would be “immoral”
to profit from them.
    Spotting his flute, poetry books and drawings of cuckoos, visitors can't escape the impression that
Jenner, the eighth son of Berkeley's vicar, was an inquisitive, well-meaning and downright eccentric
[45] Georgian man. For example, he met his future wife when he accidentally crash-landed his hot air balloon
in her garden. He also secretly took a cutting from a grapevine belonging to Capability Brown, a famous
18th-Century English gardener and landscape architect, at Hampton Court to plant in his greenhouse,
which is now completely filled by the flourishing vine.
   Somewhat predictably, Jenner was ridiculed by wealthy London medical “experts” who couldn't believe
[50] a rural doctor had made such a major medical breakthrough. Contemporary satirical cartoons showed
injected people turning into cows. The world's first anti-vaxxers protested against the new science.
    It took a while for the establishment to realise the significance of his work. Parliament eventually
erected Jenner's statue in Trafalgar Square in 1858 – but after anti-vaxxing protests, it was moved to the
more secluded Kensington Gardens four years later.
[55]    Once the world started realising how important Jenner's invention was, the praise began to roll in.

Although he never seemed to have profited from the vaccine, perhaps he valued some of the comments
more than any riches. Then US president Thomas Jefferson wrote directly to Jenner from America in 1806
saying that “mankind can never forget that you have lived”, and the museum dedicated to his life and work
is the place that ensures that never happens.

Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220213-britains-miraculous-life-saving-garden-shed. Acesso em: 11 ago. 2022. (Parcial e adaptado.)

The Growth Mindset Explained

Carol Uweck Is widely known Tor her work in tis field. Ihrough her research, she
identified two mindsets: fixed and growth, A fixed mindset is, "believing your qualities
are carved in stone," while a growth mindset is “the belief that your basic qualitios are
things you can cultivate through your efforts” (Dweck, 2016, pp. 6-7). The experience of
[5] these mindsets is on a continuum. It is not possible to always operate from one or the
other. For example, you might have a fixed or growth perspective about your math ability.
Maybe you think that you are horrible with numbers because they do not come naturally
to you. In your mind, you either "get" math or you don't. On the other hand, you could
have a growth mindset if you believe you have the ability to leam math because it is a
[10] skill that a person develops. Your perspective is that you do not understand it — yet. An
individual also could have a fixed mindset in one area of their life and a growth mindset
in another. Maybe you believe you are not athleticaly-inclined, so you avoid sports or
other physicaly-demanding activities. You believe people are born with athletic prowess.
They have a natural talent that you do not possess. In another area of your life, you feel
[15] confident in your public-speaking ability. so you seek out opportunities to do that more
often. You also believe it is a skill that develops with practice. Each time you do it and
receive feedback, you leam how to get better. This motivates you to keep doing it. It is
easy to understand how a fixed mindset could hold a person back. In our math ability
example, that person might avoid seeking jobs that involve math. The bottom line is that
[20] some people operate from the perspective that intelligence is a finite thing. Others
believe it is mutable. In an article for the Harvard Business Review (Dweck, 2016), she
points out three areas of confusion some experience regarding her research. First,
people mix up open-mindedness and positivity with having a growth mindset, believing
that they have always had a growth mindset, and therefore, always will. Second, some
[25] people believe that praising and rewarding effort is all that matters. Her research
demonstrated that acknowledging the process is critical, as is the leaming and progress
that led to the process. Finally, sometimes people think that if they talk about a growth
mindset, or put up posters about it, that is all that is needed. Without doing any work to
create a growth mindset culture or environment, those posters are just paper on a wal.
[30] Having a growth mindset involves understanding that taking appropriate risks sometimes
leads to failure. The difference though is in how a person with a growth mindset defines
and rebounds from that failure. People who consistently develop and maintain a growth
mindset share the following characteristics (Dweck, 2016, p. 245). They embrace
challenges, persist in the face of setbacks, see effort as the path to mastery, learn from
[35] criticism, find lessons and inspiration in the success of others. It is not enough to shift
one's mindset, We also need a healthy dose of grit and resilience to achieve short and
long-term goals.

(MILLER, Coles O. The Growih mindset explained. Positive Paychalogy. Data de publicação: 22 mar. 2021. Disponivel em: htips:!positivepsychology.com/5-ways-develop-grit-resiliences. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2021).

Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning

    One of the basic principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine, as it is usually defined, is that vital energy, or
qi, circulates through channels in the body which connect to various organs and functions. TCM therapies,
such as cupping, acupuncture or herbal treatments, seek to activate these channels, or balance someone's
qi.
[5]   Though the methods have been in use for hundreds of years, critics argue that there is no verifiable
scientific evidence that qi actually exists.
    While the TCM industry is worth an estimated $130 billion in China alone – and the country's leaders have
thrown themselves behind promoting the practice – it has until recently largely struggled to gain widespread
acceptance outside of east Asia.
[10]    The sheer range of claimed benefits of some forms of TCM can be staggering. In a review of acupuncture
alone, the Society for Science-Based Medicine, a US-based pressure group, found practitioners offering
treatments for everything from cancer, stroke, Parkinson's, and heart disease, to asthma and autism.
    In 2009, researchers at the University of Maryland surveyed 70 systematic reviews of traditional medicines,
including acupuncture, herbal treatments and moxibustion, the burning of herbs near the skin. They found that
[15] no studies demonstrated a solid conclusion in favor of TCM due to the sparsity of evidence or the poor
methodology of the research.
    This lack of scientific rigor has created space for often outlandish claims about TCM's capabilities in
treating certain disorders – something boosted by the handful of TCM-related treatments which have been
scientifically proven to be beneficial. In 2015, Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in medicine
[20] for her work on malaria which drew on traditional practices and folklore.
    Other products derived from herbs used in TCM have also shown benefits in scientifically-controlled
experiments, vindicating TCM in the eyes of many practitioners, and there have been calls for renewed
research in this area, as well as on other ancient remedies that might hold clues to future medical advances.
    What concerns many scientists and doctors, however, is that instead of these experiments and findings
[25] boosting the reputation of an individual medicine, they are often held up as proof of the validity of the entire
field of TCM, much of which has no basis in science and can be potentially dangerous.
    "Treatments included within the wide TCM category are very different from one another," the European
doctors said. "They can only be considered to form a group of therapies from the perspective of
history/ethnology ('traditional') and geography (Chinese)."

(Adaptado de: GRIFFITHS, James. Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning. CNN Health. Data de publicação: 17 nov. 2019. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/16/health/traditional-chinese-medicine-facebook-intl-hnkwellness/index.html. Acesso em: 22 out. 2020).

Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning

    One of the basic principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine, as it is usually defined, is that vital energy, or
qi, circulates through channels in the body which connect to various organs and functions. TCM therapies,
such as cupping, acupuncture or herbal treatments, seek to activate these channels, or balance someone's
qi.
[5]   Though the methods have been in use for hundreds of years, critics argue that there is no verifiable
scientific evidence that qi actually exists.
    While the TCM industry is worth an estimated $130 billion in China alone – and the country's leaders have
thrown themselves behind promoting the practice – it has until recently largely struggled to gain widespread
acceptance outside of east Asia.
[10]    The sheer range of claimed benefits of some forms of TCM can be staggering. In a review of acupuncture
alone, the Society for Science-Based Medicine, a US-based pressure group, found practitioners offering
treatments for everything from cancer, stroke, Parkinson's, and heart disease, to asthma and autism.
    In 2009, researchers at the University of Maryland surveyed 70 systematic reviews of traditional medicines,
including acupuncture, herbal treatments and moxibustion, the burning of herbs near the skin. They found that
[15] no studies demonstrated a solid conclusion in favor of TCM due to the sparsity of evidence or the poor
methodology of the research.
    This lack of scientific rigor has created space for often outlandish claims about TCM's capabilities in
treating certain disorders – something boosted by the handful of TCM-related treatments which have been
scientifically proven to be beneficial. In 2015, Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in medicine
[20] for her work on malaria which drew on traditional practices and folklore.
    Other products derived from herbs used in TCM have also shown benefits in scientifically-controlled
experiments, vindicating TCM in the eyes of many practitioners, and there have been calls for renewed
research in this area, as well as on other ancient remedies that might hold clues to future medical advances.
    What concerns many scientists and doctors, however, is that instead of these experiments and findings
[25] boosting the reputation of an individual medicine, they are often held up as proof of the validity of the entire
field of TCM, much of which has no basis in science and can be potentially dangerous.
    "Treatments included within the wide TCM category are very different from one another," the European
doctors said. "They can only be considered to form a group of therapies from the perspective of
history/ethnology ('traditional') and geography (Chinese)."

(Adaptado de: GRIFFITHS, James. Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning. CNN Health. Data de publicação: 17 nov. 2019. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/16/health/traditional-chinese-medicine-facebook-intl-hnkwellness/index.html. Acesso em: 22 out. 2020).