Oscar Niemeyer was one of the most innovative, prolific and daring architects of the last 60 years.

    He developed a distinct and highly personal style that has become synonymous with Brazil’s modernist architecture. It captured the spirit of the time and place, the zeitgeist. White or natural reinforced concrete and primary-colour accents, combined with whimsical ideas in his projects are his signatures. Rejecting the cube shapes favoured by his modernist predecessors, he devised some of the world’s most striking buildings - monumental, curving concrete and glass structures which almost defy description. “Curves”, he wrote, “make up the entire universe, the curved universe of Einstein”.

    The work which is regarded as the ultimate expression of Niemeyer’s approach to architectural design is Brasília  an entire city carved out of the barren reddish Brazilian plateau.

    His long-time friend and colleague Lúcio Costa laid out the street plan in the shape of an aeroplane. They then designed a huge number of the city’s residential, commercial and government buildings, which include the Itamaraty Palace. With reinforced concrete arches reflected in a mirror of water, with islands of tropical plants, the headquarters of the Foreign Office provides an unbelievable study in contrast of elements - it has the ethereal appearance of a floating palace built of glass.

    When assessing his legacy, many an expert has pointed out that the excess of form and individuality in his oeuvre sidelined the social function of modern architecture.

    Many criticize Brasília for being impersonal and elitist but 60 years on more than three million people live here and it is the only modern city to be named a Unesco World Heritage site.

The BBC. Obituary: Oscar Niemeyer, 2012 (adapted).

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    Oscar Niemeyer was one of the most innovative, prolific and daring architects of the last 60 years.

    He developed a distinct and highly personal style that has become synonymous with Brazil’s modernist architecture. It captured the spirit of the time and place, the zeitgeist. White or natural reinforced concrete and primary-colour accents, combined with whimsical ideas in his projects are his signatures. Rejecting the cube shapes favoured by his modernist predecessors, he devised some of the world’s most striking buildings - monumental, curving concrete and glass structures which almost defy description. “Curves”, he wrote, “make up the entire universe, the curved universe of Einstein”.

    The work which is regarded as the ultimate expression of Niemeyer’s approach to architectural design is Brasília  an entire city carved out of the barren reddish Brazilian plateau.

    His long-time friend and colleague Lúcio Costa laid out the street plan in the shape of an aeroplane. They then designed a huge number of the city’s residential, commercial and government buildings, which include the Itamaraty Palace. With reinforced concrete arches reflected in a mirror of water, with islands of tropical plants, the headquarters of the Foreign Office provides an unbelievable study in contrast of elements - it has the ethereal appearance of a floating palace built of glass.

    When assessing his legacy, many an expert has pointed out that the excess of form and individuality in his oeuvre sidelined the social function of modern architecture.

    Many criticize Brasília for being impersonal and elitist but 60 years on more than three million people live here and it is the only modern city to be named a Unesco World Heritage site.

The BBC. Obituary: Oscar Niemeyer, 2012 (adapted).

Judge the following item according to the text above.

    Oscar Niemeyer was one of the most innovative, prolific and daring architects of the last 60 years.

    He developed a distinct and highly personal style that has become synonymous with Brazil’s modernist architecture. It captured the spirit of the time and place, the zeitgeist. White or natural reinforced concrete and primary-colour accents, combined with whimsical ideas in his projects are his signatures. Rejecting the cube shapes favoured by his modernist predecessors, he devised some of the world’s most striking buildings - monumental, curving concrete and glass structures which almost defy description. “Curves”, he wrote, “make up the entire universe, the curved universe of Einstein”.

    The work which is regarded as the ultimate expression of Niemeyer’s approach to architectural design is Brasília  an entire city carved out of the barren reddish Brazilian plateau.

    His long-time friend and colleague Lúcio Costa laid out the street plan in the shape of an aeroplane. They then designed a huge number of the city’s residential, commercial and government buildings, which include the Itamaraty Palace. With reinforced concrete arches reflected in a mirror of water, with islands of tropical plants, the headquarters of the Foreign Office provides an unbelievable study in contrast of elements - it has the ethereal appearance of a floating palace built of glass.

    When assessing his legacy, many an expert has pointed out that the excess of form and individuality in his oeuvre sidelined the social function of modern architecture.

    Many criticize Brasília for being impersonal and elitist but 60 years on more than three million people live here and it is the only modern city to be named a Unesco World Heritage site.

The BBC. Obituary: Oscar Niemeyer, 2012 (adapted).

Judge the following item according to the text above.

TEXTO

[1] Tokyo is celebrating as the Japanese capital won
[2] the bid to host the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic
[3] Games Residents have gathered outside the
[4] Metropolitan Government building to share their
[5] delight.
[6] The International Olympic Committee voted for the
[7] city which saw off bids from Istanbul and Madrid to
[8] succeed London and Rio in hosting the sporting
[9] world's most prized events.
[10] "I very much appreciate the strong support the IOC
[11] has given to Japan. I sincerely promise that Japan
[12] will keep its word and make sure the 2020 Olympic
[13] Games will be a success."
[14] Tokyo won by a landslide despite concerns about
[15] contaminated water leaking from the crippled
[16] Fukushima nuclear plant where radiation levels
[17] have reached a new high.
http://www.newsinlevels.com/products/olympic-games-2020-level-3/

FIFA Fair Play

[1]     The generic concept of fair play is a fundamental

part of the game of football. It represents the positive

benefits of playing by the rules, using common sense and

[4] respecting fellow players, referees, opponents and fans.

         The Fair Play Campaign was conceived largely as

an indirect result of the 1986 FIFA World Cup™ in Mexico,

[7] when the handball goal by Diego Maradona stimulated the

admirable reaction of the England coach, Sir Bobby Robson.

Since then, the campaign has had the unconditional support

[10] of former FIFA President João Havelange and his successor,

current President Joseph S. Blatter.

         To give fair play more visibility, FIFA created a

[13] programme that turned the generic notion into a simple

design and an easy to understand code of conduct that could

be recognized and respected by players and fans alike.

[16]   Fair Play has a fundamental role in sport and there

is a need to apply it to all sporting activities, especially

children’s. Children need strong values to grow up with, and

[19] football, being a team sport, makes them realize how

essential discipline, respect, team spirit and fair play are for

the game and for life.

Internet: (adapted).

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