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Origins of Corn

 Corn, also known as maize, is the most important food crop of the Americas, cultivated by hundreds of different tribes. A large number of Indian myths deal with the origin of corn and how it came to be grown by humans. Many of the tales center on a "Corn Mother" or other female figure who introduces corn to the people. Those women goddesses are associated with fertility.

 The Zuni people of the southwestern United States have a myth about eight corn maidens. The young women are invisible, but their beautiful dancing movements can be seen when they dance with the growing corn as it waves in the wind.

 Native Americans of the Southeast hold a Green Corn Dance to celebrate the New Year. This important ceremony thanking the spirits for the harvest. It involves rituals of purification and forgiveness and a variety of dances. Finally, the new corn can be offered to a ceremonial fire, and a great feast follows.

 Corn played an important mythological role in many tribes as well – in some cultures, Corn was a respected deity, while in others, corn was a special gift to the people from the Creator or culture hero. In addition to its importance as a food source, corn also played a ceremonial role in many tribes, with sacred corn pollen or cornmeal being used as ritual adornment and spiritual offerings.

(Texto adaptado, disponível em: . Acesso: 25 jun. 2017)

Vocabulário

Female – feminina, mulheres

Maidens – moças, donzelas

Growing – crescendo

Waves – fazem ondas

Cornmeal – comida feita com milho

Harvest – colheita

Happiness

It was almost nightfall. The whole day: rain, torrents of rain. Drenched to the bone, I arrived in a

little Calabrian village. I had to find a hearth where I could dry out, a corner where I could sleep.

The streets were deserted, the doors bolted. The dogs were the only ones to scent the stranger’s

breath; they began to bark from within the courtyards. The peasants in this region are wild and

[5]  misanthropic, suspicious of strangers. I hesitated at every door, extended my hand, but did not

dare to knock.

O for my late grandfather in Crete!, who took his lantern each evening and made the rounds of

the village to see if any stranger had come. He would take him home, feed him, give him a bed for

the night, and then in the morning see him off with a cup of wine and a slice of bread. Here in the

[10]  Calabrian villages there were no such grandfathers.

Suddenly I saw an open door at the edge of the village. Inclining my head, I looked in: a murky

corridor with a lighted fire at the far end and an old lady bent over it. She seemed to be cooking.

I crossed the threshold and entered. I reached the fire and sat down on a stool which I found in

front of the hearth. The old lady was squatting on another stool, stirring the meal with a wooden

[15]  spoon. I felt that she eyed me rapidly, without turning. But she said nothing. Taking off my jacket,

I began to dry it. I sensed happiness rising in me like warmth, from my feet to my shins, my thighs,

my breast. Hungrily, avidly, I breathed in the delicious smell of the steam rising from the pot.

Once more I realized to what an extent earthly happiness is made to the measure of man. It is not

a rare bird which we must pursue at one moment in heaven, at the next in our minds. Happiness

[20]  is a domestic bird in our own courtyards.

As soon as we finished, she prepared a bed for me on a bench to the right of the table. I lay down,

and she lay down on the other bench opposite me. Outside the rain was falling by the bucketful.

For a considerable time I heard the water cackle on the roof, mixed with the old lady’s calm, quiet

breathing. She must have been tired, for she fell asleep the moment she inclined her head. Little

[25]  by little, with the rain and the old lady’s respiration, I too slipped into sleep. When I awoke, I saw

daylight peering through the cracks in the door.

The old lady had already risen and placed a saucepan on the fire to prepare the morning milk.

I looked at her now in the sparse daylight. Shriveled and hump, she could fit into the palm of

your hand. Her legs were so swollen that she had to stop at every step and catch her breath.

[30]  But her eyes, only her large, pitch-black eyes, gleamed with youthful, unaging brilliance. How

beautiful she must have been in her youth, I thought to myself, cursing man’s fate, his inevitable

deterioration. Sitting down opposite each other again, we drank the milk. Then I rose and slung

my carpetbag over my shoulder. I took out my wallet, but the old lady colored deeply.

“No, no,” she murmured, extending her hand.

[35]  As I looked at her in astonishment, the whole of her wrinkled face suddenly gleamed.

“Goodbye, and God bless you,” she said. “May the Lord repay you for the good you’ve done me.

Since my husband died I’ve never slept so well.”

NIKOS KAZANTZAKIS* http://grammar.about.com 

ADHD 'is not bad behaviour'
By Caroline Parkinson Health reporter, BBC News

[1]    A child is being disruptive in the classroom -
not paying attention, talking and annoying those
around him. Does he have Attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder? Or is he
[5] simply badly-behaved?

It is a question many parents
may have asked themselves
about their child or about
someone else's. But experts
[10] say if parents think their child
may have ADHD, they are
probably right. Bad behaviour is
intermittent and often
premeditated, experts say.
[15]    Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, on the
other hand, affects a child in all aspects of its life.
So a child letting off steam and running around the
house when they come home from school is not a
problem in itself.
[20]    But if teachers are also reporting they are failing
to pay attention in the classroom, and they do not
seem to have many friends it may be that they do
need a specialist assessment.

    No clue'
[25]    Andrea Bilbow, chief executive of the charity
ADDISS, (The National Attention Deficit Disorder In-

formation and Support Service), which helps fami-

lies affected by the condition, says ADHD "is not
about a badly-behaved child". She adds: "It's about
[30] a problem in the brain which means a child can't
regulate their behaviour or emotion. They don't
learn from their mistakes and they can't plan or or-

ganise, and they have difficulties with their short-

term memory.
[35]    "The bad-behaviour label is just used by people
who don't have a clue."
    Ms Bilbow, who has a child with ADHD herself,
said parents are aware there is something wrong
from an early age. “Even when he was at nursery I
[40] knew. You hope things will improve, even though
you know really that they won't."

    Professor Tim Kendall who oversaw the compila-

tion of guidelines on treating ADHD for the National
Institute for health and Clinical Excellence (NICE),
[45] said: "When parents are saying 'this is getting really
difficult and nursery or school is saying the child is
difficult to look after, then it's time to get an assess-

ment."
    But the arguments around ADHD aren't solely
[50] focused on the diagnosis. There is also debate

about what causes it. The latest research suggests
it is linked, at least in some cases, to a genetic fault.
    Drug debate
    But even the researchers behind the study say
[55] their finding will not explain all cases of ADHD, and
that a child's environment also matters.
    Peter Hill, an honorary consultant at Great Or-

mond Street Hospital and ADHD expert, said linking
the condition to genetic factors was not new - and
[60] was certainly not the whole answer. "We've known
there was a link for the last 20 years. What this
study has done is shown what kind of genetic ab-

normalities might be involved. "But there are both
genetic and environmental causes, and their envi-

[65] ronmental factors are many."

    Professor Kendall agreed genes and environ-

ment both played a part and warned it would be
wrong to focus solely on genetics. He warned" It
does relieve some people because they think 'it's
[70] not my fault - my child was just born like this'. "The
important thing is making sure these kids get really
good treatment. If people think it's just a biological
problem they will only look for biological solutions -
medications."
[75]    He said the first option for a child should be to try
and help them manage their behaviour and support
for them in the classroom. Parents can also learn
methods of managing their child's behaviour, such
as introducing strict routines. Only in severe cases
[80] should drugs like Ritalin be used, he added. How-

ever, whether or not to use medication is yet an-

other area that causes argument.
    Andrea Antunes, whose son takes daily medica-

tion for his ADHD, said it had changed his life. "He's
[85]doing well at school. He's also making friends and
being invited to parties - which he wasn't before.
"Who am I to deprive him of that?"
30 September 2010 Last updated at 14:39 GMT http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11443945.

Leia o texto a seguir e responda à questão.

Prison without guards or weapons in Brazil

    Tatiane Correia de Lima is a 26-year-old mother of two who is serving a 12-year sentence in Brazil. The South American country has the world’s fourth largest prison population and its jails regularly come under the spotlight for their poor conditions, with chronic overcrowding and gang violence provoking deadly riots.

    Lima had just been moved from a prison in the mainstream penitential system to a facility run ______(1) the Association for the Protection and Assistance to Convicts (APAC) in the town of Itaúna, in Minas Gerais state. Unlike in the mainstream system, “which steals your femininity”, as Lima puts it, at the APAC jail she is allowed to wear her own clothes and have a mirror, make-up and hair dye. But the difference between the regimes is far more than skin-deep.

    The APAC system has been gaining growing recognition as a safer, cheaper and more humane answer to the country’s prison crisis. All APAC prisoners must have passed through the mainstream system and must show remorse and be willing to follow the strict regime of work and study which is part of the system’s philosophy. There are no guards or weapons and visitors are greeted by an inmate who unlocks the main door to the small women’s jail.

    Inmates are known as recuperandos (recovering people), reflecting the APAC focus ______(2) restorative justice and rehabilitation. They must study and work, sometimes in collaboration with the local community. If they do not - or if they try to abscond - they risk being returned to the mainstream system. There have been physical fights but never a murder at an APAC jail.

Adapted from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-44056946

When it comes to politics and ‘fake news,’
facts aren’t enough

The myth that vaccines cause autism has persisted,
even though the facts paint an entirely different story.

    In today’s political climate, it sometimes feels like we can’t even agree on basic facts. We bombard each other with statistics and figures, hoping that more data will make a difference. A progressive person might show you the same climate change graphs over and over while a conservative person might point to the trillions of dollars of growing national debt. We’re left wondering, “Why can’t they just see? It’s so obvious!”

    Certain myths are so pervasive that no matter how many experts disprove them, they only seem to grow in popularity. There’s no shortage of serious studies showing no link between autism and vaccines, for example, but these are no match for an emotional appeal to parents worried for their young children.

    Tali Sharot, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London, studies how our minds work and how we process new information. In her upcoming book, The Influential Mind, she explores why we ignore facts and how we can get people to actually listen to the truth. Tali shows that we’re open to new information – but only if it confirms our existing beliefs. We find ways to ignore facts that challenge our ideals. And as neuroscientist Bahador Bahrami and colleagues have found, we weigh all opinions as equally valid, regardless of expertise.

    So, having the data on your side is not always enough. For better or for worse, Sharot says, emotions may be the key to changing minds.

(Shankar Vedantam. www.npr.org. Adaptado.)