O texto a seguir é referência para a questão.

Coffee Processing and Coffee Quality

By ‘Coffee Review’

    Coffee beans are not beans at all in a botanical sense. They are the twin seeds of a red (sometimes yellow) fruit that grows to about the size of the tip of your little finger. Growers call these coffee fruit coffee cherries. Before the coffee can be shipped and roasted, the bean or seed must be separated from the fruit. Nature has been lavish in its packaging of the coffee seed, and removing the three sets of skin and one layer of pulp from around the seed is a complex process. If done properly, the coffee looks better, tastes better, and demands a higher price.

    The worst preparation or processing would be as follows: The coffee berries are stripped – leaves, unripe berries, and all – onto the ground. This mixture is then scooped up, sifted, and dried in the sun (and sometimes in the rain, which is one of the problems with such coffees). Later the dried, shriveled fruit is stripped off the bean. Some beans may be small and deformed, shriveled, or discolored. In very poorly prepared coffee all the beans, good and bad, plus a few twigs, a little dirt, and some stones, are shipped together. The various flavor taints associated with cheap coffee – sourness, mustiness, harshness, composty taste – all derive from careless picking, fruit removal and drying.

    The best preparation would run like this: The coffee cherries are selectively picked as they ripen. The same day they are picked, the outer skin is removed, exposing the pulp. The pulp-covered beans are then subject to controlled fermentation in tanks. The ferment-loosened, flabby pulp is then gently washed off the beans and they are dried, after which the last layers of skin, now dry and crumbly, are stripped from the bean by machine.

    Between these two extremes – carelessly picked coffees simply put out into the sun to dry and selectively picked, wet-processed coffees – are coffees that have been dried in the old-fashioned way, with the fruit still clinging to the bean, but have been picked selectively and dried with care. These high-quality dry-processed or “natural” coffees can be superb, alive with fruity nuance.

(From https://www.coffeereview.com/coffee-reference/coffee-basics/introduction/coffee-processing-and-coffee-quality/.)

[1]    The development of technology in the last decades has

considerably improved our lifestyles. It has made its impact

felt on each and every aspect of life, also on the communication

[4] techniques. Everything has both a positive and negative impact,

and the impact of technology on the communication process

also comes as mixed baggage.

[7]    Technology has transformed the once big and far

world into a tiny global village. Thanks to technology, we now

have the power to communicate with anybody on the other side

[10] of the world. Technology has brought the world closer and

promoted exchange of thoughts to find better solutions to any

problem. Services like video-conferencing have made it

[13] possible to provide students with best education via the web.

        The most prominent negative effect of technology is

that the charm of the good old world is missing. The lengthy

[16] face-to-face conversations have been slowly going away, and

have been replaced by texting or chatting. The current young

generation lacks essential interpersonal skills (the ability to

[19] express the ideas and thoughts to others face-to-face).

Internet: (adapted).

According to the text above, it can be concluded that

Read the lyrics of the song to answer the question

TEXT

    Thunder - Imagine Dragons

Just a young gun with a quick fuse
I was uptight, wanna let loose
I was dreaming of bigger things
And wanna leave my own life behind
[5] Not a yes-sir, not a follower
Fit the box, fit the mold
Have a seat in the foyer, take a number
I was lightning before the thunder

Chorus
Thunder, feel the thunder
[10] Lightning and the thunder
Thunder, feel the thunder
Lightning and the thunder
Thunder, thunder
Thunder

[15] Kids were laughing in my classes
While I was scheming for the masses
Who do you think you are?
Dreaming 'bout being a big star
You say you're basic, you say you're easy
[20] You're always riding in the back seat
Now I'm smiling from the stage
While you were clapping in the nose bleeds

(Repeat chorus)

Available on: https://www.vagalume.com.br/imagine-dragons/thunder.html. Accessed on: October 4, 2017.

  What’s your ideal time of the day for brain performance? Surprisingly, the answer to this isn’t as simple as being a morning or a night person. New research has shown that certain times of the day are best for completing specific tasks, and listening to your body’s natural clock may help you to accomplish more in 24 hours.

  Science suggests that the best time for our natural peak productivity is late morning. Our body temperatures start to rise just before we wake up in the morning and continue to increase through midday, Steve Kay, a professor of molecular and computational biology at the University of Southern California told The Wall Street Journal. This gradual increase in body temperature means that our working memory, alertness, and concentration also gradually improve, peaking at about mid morning. Our alertness tends to dip after this point, but one study suggested that midday fatigue may actually boost our creative abilities. For a 2011 study, 428 students were asked to solve a series of two types of problems, requiring either analytical or novel thinking. Results showed that their performance on the second type was best at non-peak times of day when they were tired.

  As for the age where our brains are at peak condition, science has long held that fluid intelligence, or the ability to think quickly and recall information, peaks at around age 20. However, a 2015 study revealed that peak brain age is far more complicated than previously believed and concluded that there are about 30 subsets of intelligence, all of which peak at different ages for different people. For example, the study found that raw speed in processing information appears to peak around age 18 or 19, then immediately starts to decline, but short-term memory continues to improve until around age 25, and then begins to drop around age 35, Medical Xpress reported. The ability to evaluate other people’s emotional states peaked much later, in the 40s or 50s. In addition, the study suggested that out our vocabulary may peak as late as our 60s’s or 70’s.

  Still, while working according to your body’s natural clock may sound helpful, it’s important to remember that these times may differ from person to person. On average, people can be divided into two distinct groups: morning people tend to wake up and go to sleep earlier and to be most productive early in the day. Evening people tend to wake up later, start more slowly and peak in the evening. If being a morning or evening person has been working for you the majority of your life, it may be best to not fix what’s not broken.

(Dana Dovey. www.medicaldaily.com, 08.08.2016. Adaptado.)

INSTRUCTIONS: This test comprises of five question based on the text below. Read the text carefully and then mark the alternatives that answer the questions or complete the sentences presented after it. 

Psychologically informed physiotherapy for chronic pain: patient experiences of treatment and therapeutic process

S. Wilsonª, N. Chalonerª, M. Osbornª, b , J. Gauntlett-Gilbertª, b

Abstract

Objectives

Psychologically informed physiotherapy is used widely with patients with chronic pain. This study aimed to investigate patients’ beliefs about, and experiences of, this type of treatment, and helpful and unhelpful experiences.

Introduction

Chronic pain is disabling, and difficult to treat both medically and surgically; as such, pain management treatments have increasingly emphasised self-management of the condition using physical and psychological techniques. Self-management approaches view disability and suffering as resulting from multiple factors beyond pain itself, including avoidant movement patterns, cognitions and coping styles.

There is increasing evidence that patients can benefit from physiotherapist-led cognitive behavioural self-management approaches for chronic pain. For example, STarT Back is a stratified care model for patients with low back pain (LBP), targeting patients at high risk of chronicity [4]. The STarT Back model incorporates psychological concepts in both screening and treatment, and is now integrated into UK national pathways and guidance for LBP. Undergraduate physiotherapy courses also increasingly emphasise ‘biopsychosocial’ approaches to treatment. Thus, psychologically informed physiotherapy (PIP) is becoming prevalent across care settings.

The majority of outcome data suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based treatments for chronic pain yield superior outcomes compared with ‘treatment as usual’ and waiting list controls. However, effect sizes are small and reduced at follow-up. Thus, whilst CBT approaches are useful, they need to be developed to have more impact. As such, this article will use the broader term ‘PIP’ to describe all treatments where physiotherapy is delivered within a psychological framework. PIP treatments aim to use psychological techniques to increase the impact of physiotherapy, and to entrench the patient’s long-term maintenance of exercise recommendations (e.g. by targeting low motivation or negative thinking patterns). Both CBT and other psychological models may be used in the service of these goals.

In order to develop a treatment, it is essential to understand how and why it works. Change process research has been common in the psychotherapy literature for the past 20 years. In the chronic pain literature, changes in variables such as pain catastrophising and acceptance have been identified as active influences on treatment outcome. However, there is little consensus on which treatment processes are most important, and the variables under inspection have generally been selected based on psychological theory, as opposed to arising from patient, or physiotherapy, accounts.

Where important therapeutic processes are understood, they can be targeted specifically to improve clinical outcomes and support efficient dissemination of effective practice. Physiotherapists do not always feel adequately trained to implement PIP despite recognising its value, and therapist ‘drift’ into ineffective clinical approaches is common across professions. Both of these factors indicate that more in-depth training is required. Identification of important treatment processes should support clinicians to target consistent, evidence-based variables.

Some studies have investigated patients’ overall experiences of self-management treatment. However, this study aimed to focus more specifically on those processes that are important within PIP treatments. Currently, minimal data exist on this topic; indeed, there are cautionary data indicating that both treatment adherence and perception of benefit can be poor in selfmanagement approaches for back pain. The authors chose to explore this topic in participants with severe chronic pain who had: (a) received a high ‘dose’ of PIP at a specialist service; and (b) shown evidence of benefiting from this treatment. This allowed their experiences to be explored with confidence in the adequacy and competence of the PIP treatment.

Available at: . Accessed on: April 2nd 2017.