Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Linking words - Reason
Which of the options completes the sentence correctly?
People who are middle-aged and older tend to know more than voung adults they have been around longer, and score higher on vocabulary tests, crossword puzzles and other measures of so-called crystallized intelligence.
(Adapted from http://www.nytimes.com)
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(www.ottawaheart.ca.)
In the first tip “Cook at home more often to avoid processed foods”, the underlined word indicates
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Tiny viruses live in your body: what to know about viromes and what scientists are doing to protect you
Wildlife biologists have enlisted the help of mice and other creatures as they try to better understand how viruses infect humans and how to protect them. “Most of the emerging infectious diseases that arise come from wildlife reservoir hosts,” researcher Kurt Vandegrift said in a statement from Pennsylvania State University. The university added, “One key to fighting emerging diseases is finding out before they get into humans which pathogens we’re most likely to encounter — the ones that are carried by the wild creatures we’re most likely to touch, share space with, or be bitten by.” In the U.S., that includes mice and deer ticks, for example.
While studying wildlife, the scientists may find viruses that could one day evolve to infect humans. Discovering them ahead of time gives experts a leg up on observing how the viruses work, creating vaccines or taking other measures. Studying animals has another benefit: learning more about their viromes — the collections of viruses in and on them — could lead to more information about the human virome.
Human beings are full of viruses, Penn State says. “Some of your viruses are just visiting and will be gone in a week. Most are permanent tenants. A few may even find their way into your DNA.” That’s not necessarily a bad thing, as the university notes that we owe our placenta and thus our reproductive process to virus genes and evolution. We can also be invaded by a virus but never see an infection, or become barely sick at all while others are debilitated.
“We are rarely, if ever, infected by just one germ at a time,” according to Penn State, “and since pathogens change your immune system, how sick you get from a new pathogen doesn’t depend only on the ones you’re infected with now; it’s a reflection of all the infectious diseases you’ve ever had, and even in what order you had them.” The ongoing research would not be the first time animals have taught scientists a thing or two about viruses. Smallpox is now eradicated but was once a highly contagious and often deadly virus in humans.
(Elana Glowatz. www.medicaldaily.com, 10.02.2017. Adaptado.)
No trecho do quarto parágrafo “and since pathogens change your immune system”, o termo em destaque equivale, em português, a
Twitter’s testing a 280-character limit for tweets
Twitter chief executive Jack Dorsey last year made a definitive announcement about the company’s famous 140-character count amid rumors that the firm would substantially relax the limit. “It’s staying, It’s a good constraint for us.”
On Tuesday, the company took it back – for some people, at least.
Twitter is testing a feature to let some users double the amount of characters allowed in a tweet. The 280-character limit will be available to a small group of people on the site. When asked for more information, Twitter said it would be a “single-digit percentage” of its 328 million users – so, millions – who will be “randomly chosen.”
The company declined to comment directly on how it’s choosing those people or why it changed its mind about its 140-character limit. But in a company blog post, product manager Aliza Rosen and senior software engineer Ikuhiro Ihara said the team started looking into the restrictions of the 140-character limit after noticing differences among languages. Some languages – specifically Chinese, Japanese and Korean – allow for greater expression in fewer characters.
“We see that a small percent of tweets sent in Japanese have 140 characters (only 0.4%). But in English, a much higher percentage of tweets have 140 characters (9%). Most Japanese tweets are 15 characters while most English tweets are 34,” the post said.
The 280-character test will roll out in all languages except for Chinese, Japanese and Korean. It’s true that some languages allow each character to count for more. My own last name, Tsukayama, is nine letters in English; phonetically in Japanese, it’s four letters. If you use Japanese kanji characters, it’s three.
But Twitter users in other languages have found workarounds to bypass the 140-character limit. It’s common to see someone send out a thread, or “Twitterstorm,” by signaling that their thoughts are going to come in several bite-sized chunks. Twitter itself did this when addressing why it hasn’t suspended President Trump from its platform. Dorsey himself has used a common workaround – posting an image of longer text – to get around the character limit, even while extolling the virtues of brevity early last year.
“Although we feel confident about our data and the positive impact this change will have, we want to try it out with a small group of people before we make a decision to launch to everyone,” the blog post said. “We understand since many of you have been tweeting for years, there may be an emotional attachment to 140 characters – we felt it, too. But we tried this, saw the power of what it will do, and fell in love with this new, still brief, constraint.”
(Hayley Tsukayama. www.washingtonpost.com, 26.09.2017. Adaptado.)
In the fragment from the last paragraph “We understand since many of you have been tweeting for years, there may be an emotional attachment to 140 characters”, the term underlined could be replaced, with no change meaning, by
Children’s sugar intake equals five doughnuts a day,
campaigners say
Children and young people are consuming the equivalent of 20 chocolate chip biscuits a day in sugar, according to anti-obesity campaigners. The calculations by the Obesity Health Alliance (OHA) have led to renewed calls for food and soft drinks manufacturers to make their products healthier to cut the number of dangerously overweight children. They want urgent action to reduce the amount of “hidden” sugar in many common foodstuffs.
Children and young people aged between 11 and 18 typically have an intake of 73.2 grams of sugar a day, far in excess of the 30 grams – or seven teaspoons – maximum recommended in official health advice, according to the OHA’s estimates. Those 73.2 grams are the equivalent of 20 chocolate chip or custard cream biscuits, 14.6 jelly babies or 4.8 jam-filled doughnuts. Four- to 10-year-olds are consuming 53.5 grams of sugar a day, while the figure among 19- to 64-year-olds is 59.9 grams daily.
Dr Alison Tedstone, Public Health England’s chief nutritionist, said that while some food manufacturers have pledged to cut the amount of sugar in their products, certain kinds of retailers – including coffee chains – need to follow suit. Producers including the supermarkets Tesco and Waitrose, Nestlé, and Kellogg’s have announced plans to reduce their use of sugar as part of a reformulation drive ahead of the government’s sugar tax coming into force in 2018. However, many other firms have made no such commitment and may be hit by the tax. Public Health England (PHE) wants all food manufacturers and outlets to strip 20% of all sugar out of a wide range of products by 2020.
Sarah Toule, head of health information at World Cancer Research Fund, said that overweight or obese children are much more likely to be dangerously overweight in adulthood and thus increase their risk of developing 11 forms of cancer.
(Denis Campbell. www.theguardian.com, 24.02.2017. Adaptado.)
No trecho do primeiro parágrafo “make their products healthier to cut the number of dangerously overweight children”, o termo "to" indica
BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE ACADEMY
AFA (Air Force Academy), located at Pirassununga,
State of São Paulo, is responsible for the training of
Pilots, Administrative and Aeronautics Infantry Officers
for the Brazilian Air Force.
[5] The history of the Brazilian military pilots schools
goes back to 1913, when the Brazilian Aviation School
was founded, at Campo dos Afonsos, State of Rio de
Janeiro. Its mission was to provide instruction at similar
levels to those of the best European schools at the time;
[10] Blériot and Farman aircraft, made in France, were
available for the instruction of the pupils. The Great War
1914-1918, however, forced its instructors to leave and
the school was closed.
At that time, both the Brazilian Army and Navy had
[15] their own air arms, the Military Aviation and the Naval
Aviation. The Navy bought Curtiss F seaplanes in May
1916 to equip the latter, and in August of the same year,
the Naval Aviation School was created.
The Military Aviation, however, only activated
[20] its Military Aviation School after the Great War, on 10
July 1919. Among the aircrafts used at the school, one
could find the Sopwith 1A2, Bréguet 14A2, and Spad 7.
Until the beginning of the 1940s, both schools
continued with their activities. The Brazilian Government
[25] was concerned with the air war in Europe and decided to
concentrate under a single command the military aviation
activities. Thus, on 20 January 1941, the Air Ministry was
created and both the Army and Navy air arms were
disbanded, their personnel and equipment forming
[30] the Brazilian Air Force. On 25 March 1941,
the Aeronautics School was based at Campo dos
Afonsos, and its students became known as Aeronautics
Cadets from 1943 to the current days.
As early as 1942, it became clear that
[35] the Aeronautics School would need to be transferred to
another place, offering better climate and little
interference with the flight instruction of the future pilots.
The town of Pirassununga was chosen among
others, and, in 1952, the first buildings construction was
[40] initiated. The transfer of the School activities to
Pirassununga occurred from 1960 to 1971. The School
was redesigned as the Air Force Academy in 1969.
The motto of the Academy is the Latin expression
“Macte Animo! Generose Puer, sic itur ad astra”,
[45] extracted from the poem Thebaida, by the Roman poet
Tatius. It is an exhortation to the cadets, which can be
translated as Courage! This is the way, oh noble
youngster, to the stars.
The instruction of the Aeronautics Cadets, during
[50] the four-year-long course, has its activities centred in the
words COURAGE - LOYALTY - HONOUR - DUTY -
MOTHERLAND. The future officers take courses on
several subjects, including Calculus, Computer Science,
Mechanics, Portuguese and English, given by civilian
[55] lecturers, Air Force instructors and supervisors. The
military instruction itself is given on a daily basis, and the
Cadets are trained on different subjects, including
parachuting, and sea and jungle survival.
According to the chosen specialization, the Cadet will
[60] receive specific instruction:
Pilots: Instruction on precision maneuvering, aerobatics,
formation flying and by instruments, with 75 flying hours
on the primary/basic training aircraft T-25 Universal,
beginning on the 2nd term of the 1st year and completed
[65] in the 3rd year. Advanced training is given on T-27
Tucano aircraft, with 125 flying hours.
Administrative: Training on the scientific and
technological modern foundations of economics and
financial management, and logistics training.
[70] Aeronautics Infantry: Instruction on defense and
security techniques of military Aeronautics installations,
anti-aircraft measures, command of troops and firefighting
teams, military laws and regulations, armament
usage, military service and call-up procedures.
[75] During their leisure time, the Cadets participate on
the activities of seven different clubs: Aeromodelling,
Literature, Informatics, Firearms shooting, Gauchos
Heritage (for those coming from the South of Brazil),
Gerais Club and Sail Flying. The clubs are directed by
[80] the Cadets themselves, under supervision of Air Force
officers.
The Academy also houses the Brazilian Air
Force Air Demonstration Squadron - The Smoke
Squadron.
Flying as the eagles do!
Adapted from http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/afa.html
The connectives however (line 19) and thus (line 27) express, respectively, _________ and _________ .
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