Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Prepositions - Gerunds after prepositions
Choose the correct alternative to complete the paragraph below.
Charter, Sail, Repeat: new ventures and old favorites in the Greek Ísles
By Zuzana Prochazka
On our first day, we sailed southwest nearly 50 miles on a nice beam reach, winding through Kolpos Idras, or the Hydra Gulf, By the end, we were running out daylight, so we pulled the miniscule harbor on Spetses Island. I read the guides twice, but the most I got was a warning about the inner harbor being only 4ft deep, which made me suck in my stomach as we crept in. The harbor turned to be a mix of private yachts, commercial boats and fishing craft, and as we were looking round I happened to notice black clouds the horizon. The wind was also now picking , so out we went again, making a U-tum back to the bay to drop anchor with the other cruisers who'd opted to skip the draft headaches. We made it just before the gale overtook us.
(Adapted from: Sail Magazine, March 2020).
TEXT I
"A new crop of potential antibiotics may soon help fighting antibiotic-resistant infections, such as this batch of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.”
"Antibiotics have been taking it on the chin lately. Not only has resistance to the medications been growing, but also drug companies have been dropping antibiotic research programs because the drugs are difficult and expensive to make. Now, help is on the way. Researchers report today that they’ve found a way to churn out new members of one of the most widely used classes of antibiotics, called macrolides. The work could lead to new weapons against antibiotic-resistant infections, and possibly save millions of lives.
Macrolides, drugs that include erythromycin and azithromycin, were first developed in the 1950s. Since then they’ve become a safeguard against bacterial and fungal infections. Chemically, macrolides are giant rings containing 14 to 16 carbon atoms, with one or more sugar appendages dangling off the side. Bacteria synthesize them to fight off their neighbors. Yet, bacteria didn’t evolve to make macrolides good drugs in people. So, medicinal chemists — the group of researchers that actually build new drugs — start with the natural versions and tweak their bonds one at a time in an effort to make them safer and more effective. But, in most cases, it’s impossible to confine the changes to just one bond on a large molecule. When multiple bonds react, the result is an unwanted broad mixture of end products, none of which contain just the one specific change desired for making a better drug.
To solve that problem, Harvard University chemist Andrew Myers and colleagues adapted a divide-and-conquer strategy that they had applied to tetracycline antibiotics back in 2005. They started with three basic macrolide ring structures and broke each one down into eight molecular “modules.” They then carefully mapped out reactions needed to put the pieces back together. For two such linkers, they even invented new chemical reactions to forge the bonds. This allowed them to tinker with the modules individually, and then reassemble them. By repeating the strategy over and over, they forged more than 300 entirely new macrolides.
When given to a panel of bacterial lab cultures, several of these compounds showed potent antibiotic activity against antibiotic-resistant microbes, including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, the team reports online today in Nature. Perhaps equally important, Myers says, is that all the reactions used for the assembly produce high yields of the final products. That’s essential, he notes, because bacteria don’t produce the starting material for the new compounds. So, if any of them proves a valuable medicine, chemists will be able to synthesize large quantities of it cheaply from scratch.
“This is a great example of beautiful chemistry that will have a tangible societal benefit,” says Phil Baran, a synthetic organic chemist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California.”
(Adapted from: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/new-way-makepowerful- antibiotics)
Select the proposition that presents the CORRECT explanation for each expression bellow, as they are used in the text.
INSTRUCTION: Answer question in relation to text.
TEXT
UNITED NATIONS, May 11, 2015 (IPS/GIN) –
Speaking at the U.N. Security Council, Federica
Mogherini, High Representative of the European
Union for Foreign Affairs, called on the international
[5] community to take urgent steps to end the
Mediterranean crisis and dismantle the human
smuggling rings that facilitate it.
“The EU is united and we will work, but we cannot
work alone. We need to share and act together, as it’s
[10] a EU responsibility and a global responsibility, “said
Mogherini.
In 2014, 3,300 migrants died while fleeing their
countries of origin to enter Europe. Three people out
of four perished in the Mediterranean Sea, and 2015
[15] looks set to be even worse, added Mogherini.
According to the U.N. Refugee Agency (UNHCR)
about 60,000 men, women and children have crossed
the Mediterranean this year, and 1,800 of them have
tragically died during the journey.
[20] “Saving lives and preventing the loss of lives at
sea is a top responsibility that we all share, not only as
Europeans but globally,” Mogherini said at the Council
briefing, adding that an exceptional situation requires
an immediate strategy to solve the crisis.
[25] The Mediterranean problem is a structural problem
rooted in poverty, increasing inequality, conflicts and
human rights violations in African and Middle Eastern
countries and beyond, including the situation in Syria,
Afghanistan and the Horn of Africa, said the European
[30] High Representative.
Also speaking at the Council was Antonio Tete,
Permanent Representative Observer of the African
Union to the U.N., who underlined that smuggling of
migrants has emerged due to several factors that lead
[35] people in many African countries to escape from abject
poverty, climate change, water scarcity, insufficient
progress in employment and rising inequality.
“This humanitarian emergency is also a security
crisis, since smuggling networks are linked to finance
[40] and terrorist activities, which contributes to instability
in a region that is already unstable enough,” Mogherini
said.
If the international community fails to frame its
response to the crisis, it will be a “moral failure,” said
[45] Peter Sutherland, the Special Representative of the
Secretary-General for International Migration.
Ieri, Valentina. Global Information Network [New York] 11 May 2015.
In the text, the words “fleeing” (line 12), “According” (line 16), “briefing” (line 23), “smuggling” (line 33) are used as
In the first frame, the form of the verb "missing" is mandatory because:
INSTRUCTION: Answer question according to text.
TEXT
Reading the work of Jorge Luis Borges for the first time is
like discovering a new letter in the alphabet, or a new note in
the musical scale. His writings are fictions filled with private
jokes and esoterica, historiography and sardonic footnotes.
[5] They are brief, often with abrupt beginnings. Borges’ use
of labyrinths, mirrors, chess games and detective stories
creates a complex intellectual landscape, yet his language is
clear, with ironic undertones. He presents the most fantastic
of scenes in simple terms, seducing us into the forking
[10] pathway of his seemingly infinite imagination.
Half a century ago, when Borges’ ground-breaking collection
Ficciones was first published in English translation, he was
virtually unknown outside literary circles in Buenos Aires,
where he was born in 1899, and Paris, where his work was
[15] translated in the 1950s. In 1961, he was catapulted onto the
world stage when international publishers awarded him the
first Formentor Prize for outstanding literary achievement.
He shared the prize with Samuel Beckett (the other authors
on the shortlist were Alejo Carpentier, Max Frisch and Henry
[20] Miller). The award spurred English translations of Ficciones
and Labyrinths and brought Borges widespread fame and
respect.
Over the decades since his death in 1986, Borges’ global
stature has continued to grow. “Today one could consider
[25] Borges the most important writer of the 20th Century,” says
Suzanne Jill Levine, translator and general editor of the
Penguin Classics five-volume Borges series. Why? “Because
he created a new literary continent between North and South
America, between Europe and America, between old worlds
[30] and modernity. In creating the most original writing of his
time, Borges taught us that nothing is new, that creation is
recreation, that we are all one contradictory mind, connected
amongst each other and through time and space, that human
beings are not only fiction makers but are fictions themselves,
[35] that everything we think or perceive is fiction, that every
corner of knowledge is a fiction.”
Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140902-the-20thcenturys-best-writer (acessado em setembro 2014).
A preposição “In” (linha 30) pode ser substituída, sem alteração de significado, por
Super typhoon Haiyan slams into Philippines, at least three dead
FRIDAY, 08 NOVEMBER 2013 14:41 IN: HTTP://WWW.DAILYMIRROR.LK/NEWS/WORLD-NEWS/INTERNATIONAL/38404-SUPERTYPHOON-HAIYAN-SLAMS-INTO-PHILIPPINES-AT-LEAST-THREE-DEAD.HTML
The strongest typhoon in the world this year and possibly the most powerful ever to hit land battered the Philippines on Friday, forcing more than a million people to flee, cutting power lines and blowing apart houses.
Haiyan, a category-5 super typhoon, scoured the northern tip of Cebu Province and headed west towards Boracay island, both of them tourist destinations, after lashing the central islands of Leyte and Samar with 275 kph (170 mph) wind gusts and 5-6 meter (15-19 ft) waves.
Three people were killed and seven injured, national disaster agency spokesman Rey Balido told a news briefing at the main army base in Manila. The death toll could rise as reports come in from stricken areas.
Power and communications in the three large island provinces of Samar, Leyte and Bohol were almost completely down but the government and telephone service providers promised to restore them within 24 hours.
Authorities warned that more than 12 million people were at risk, including residents of Cebu City, which has a population of about 2.5 million, and areas still reeling from a deadly 2011 storm and a 7.2-magnitude quake last month.
"The super typhoon likely made landfall with winds near 195 mph. This makes Haiyan the strongest tropical cyclone on record to make landfall," said Jeff Masters, director of meteorology at U.S.-based Weather Underground.
Typhoons and cyclones of that magnitude can blow apart storm shelters with the pressure they create, which can suck walls out and blow roofs off buildings. Lionel Dosdosa, an International Organization for Migration coordinator on Bohol island, the epicenter of an October 15 earthquake that killed 222 people and displaced hundreds of thousands, said power was off and streets were deserted. "It\'s dark and gloomy, alternating between drizzle and heavy rain", he said.
About a million people took shelter in 29 provinces, after President Benigno Aquino appealed to people in Haiyan\'s path to leave vulnerable areas, such as along river banks, coastal villages and mountain slopes.
"Our school is now packed with evacuees," an elementary school teacher in Southern Leyte who only gave her name as Feliza told a radio station. Leyte and Southern Leyte are about 630 km (390 miles) southeast of Manila. NO POWER, PRAYERS
Roger Mercado, governor of Southern Leyte province, said no one should underestimate the storm. "It is very powerful," Mercado told DZBB radio. "We lost power and all roads are impassable because of fallen trees. We just have to pray."
In Samar province, links with some towns and villages had been cut, officials said.
"The whole province has no power," Samar Governor Sharee Tan told Reuters by telephone. Fallen trees, toppled electric poles and other debris blocked roads, she said.
Authorities suspended ferry services and fishing and shut 13 airports. Nearly 450 domestic and eight international flights were suspended.
Schools, offices and shops in the central Philippines were closed, with hospitals, soldiers and emergency workers preparing for rescue operations. Twenty navy ships and various military aircraft including three C-130 cargo planes and helicopters were on standby.
The state weather bureau said Haiyan was expected to move past the Philippines on Saturday and out over the South China Sea, where it could become even stronger and threaten Vietnam or China.
The world\'s strongest recorded typhoon, cyclone or hurricane to make landfall was urricane Camille in 1969, which hit Mississippi with 305 kph (190 mph) winds, said Weather Underground\'s Masters.
An average of 20 typhoons hit the Philippines every year.
Last year, Typhoon Bopha flattened three coastal towns on Mindanao, killed 1,100 people and caused damage estimated at $1.04 billion.
Haiyan is the 24th such storm to hit the Philippines this year.
(Additional reporting by Karen Lema and Erik dela Cruz; Editing by Jeremy Laurence and Robert Birsel)
No parágrafo 2, no trecho – after lashing the central islands of – o uso do "ing" na palavra "lashing" se justifica por
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