Questões de Inglês - Grammar - Linking words
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The longstanding mystery surrounding Antarctica’s Blood Falls has finally been solved. The deep red falls were first discovered in Antarctica in 1911 where scientists noticed a river had stained the surrounding cliff of ice with a dark red color. Previously, they had believed it was due to algae discoloring the water, however that hypothesis was never verified.
Now, thanks to research by the University of Alaska Fairbanks, we know the true origin of the Blood Falls flowing from the Taylor Glacier. The deep red coloring is due to oxidized iron in brine saltwater, the same process that gives iron a dark red color when it rusts. When the iron bearing saltwater comes into contact with oxygen the iron undergoes oxidation and takes on a red coloring, in effect dying the water to a deep red color.
The research team calculates that the brine water takes approximately 1.5 million years to finally reach the Blood Falls as it makes its way through fissures and channels in the glacier.
https://tinyurl.com/22vb439j%20Acesso%20em:%2016.08.2023.
A expressão due to, em negrito, introduz
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Heatwaves have a huge impact on our physical and mental health. Doctors usually fear them, as emergency rooms quickly fill up with patients suffering from dehydration, delirium and fainting. Recent studies suggest at least a 10% rise in hospital emergency room visits on days when temperatures reach or exceed the top 5% of the normal temperature range for a given location.
Soaring temperatures can also make symptoms worse in those with mental health conditions. Heatwaves — as well as other weather events such as floods and fires — have been linked to a rise in depressive symptoms in people with depression, and a rise in anxiety symptoms in those with generalised anxiety disorder — a disorder that makes people feel anxious most of the time.
A Boston University study found that those in rooms without air conditioning during a heatwave performed 13% worse than their peers in cognitive tests and had 13% slower reaction time. When people are not thinking clearly due to heat, it is more likely they will become frustrated, and this, in turn, can lead to aggression. There is strong evidence linking extreme heat with a rise in violent crime. Even just a one or two degrees Celsius increase in ambient temperatures can lead to a 3-5% spike in assaults.
(Laurence Wainwright e Eileen Neumann. https://theconversation.com, 12.07.2022. Adaptado.)
In the excerpt from the third paragraph “When people are not thinking clearly due to heat”, a expressão sublinhada pode ser substituída, sem alteração de sentido, por
Quiet quitting: The workplace trend taking over TikTok
Despite the name, "quiet quitting" actually has nothing to do with quitting your job. It means doing only what your job demands and nothing more. Quitting doing anything extra. You still show up for work but stay strictly within the boundaries of your job requirements. So, no more helping out with additional tasks or checking emails outside work hours. Since the pandemic, an increasing number of young workers have grown tired of not getting the recognition and compensation for putting in extra hours. They're saying no to burnout, and instead focusing on work-life balance. The movement is centered around selfpreservation and "acting your wage".
The term "quiet quitting" has taken off recently after American TikTokker @zaidlepplin posted a video on it that went viral, saying "work is not your life". Perhaps surprisingly, the overall movement may have its origins in China, where the now-censored hashtag #tangping, meaning "lie flat", was used in protest against the long-hours culture.
However, not everyone's on board with the quiet quitting phenomenon. Workplace decorum expert Pattie Ehsaei expressed her disagreement with it in a TikTok video, saying you'll never succeed at work with that mindset. "Quiet quitting is doing the bare minimum required of you at work and being content with mediocrity," she told the BBC. "Advancement and pay increases will go to those whose level of effort warrants advancement and doing the bare minimum certainly does not."
Career coach and podcast host Joanne Mallon says many of her clients have already started to quiet quit when they come to her for coaching. She says that while she would never advise someone to quiet quit, she asks them what their reasons are for doing so. According to her, "Everybody has quiet quit at some point in their lives, but ultimately it might be a sign that it's time to move on and get out of a space physically".
Adapted from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62638908 Available on September 15th, 2022.
What does the use of the word However in the beginning of paragraph 3 imply?
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Drug abuse or substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain. There are over 190 million drug users around the world and the problem has been increasing at alarming rates, especially among young adults under the age of 30.
Apart from the long-term damage to the body drug abuse causes, drug addicts who use needles are also at risk of contracting HIV and hepatitis B and C infections.
Drugs of abuse are usually psychoactive drugs that are used by people for various different reasons, which may include:
• Curiosity and peer pressure, especially among school children and young adults;
• The use of prescription drugs that were originally intended to target pain relief may have turned into recreational use and become addictive;
• Chemicals may be used as part of religious practices or rituals;
• Recreational purposes;
• As a means of obtaining creative inspiration.
(Ananya Mandal. www.news-medical.net, 17.02.2023. Adaptado.)
In the excerpt from the third paragraph “Drugs of abuse are usually psychoactive drugs that are used by people for various different reasons, which may include”, the underlined word refers to
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Although often used interchangeably by the general public, there are crucial distinctions between the terms “refugee” and “migrant”:
Refugee
Refugees are persons who are outside their country of origin for reasons of feared persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or other circumstances that have seriously disturbed public order and, as a result, require international protection. The refugee definition can be found in the 1951 Convention and regional refugee instruments, as well as United Nations Commissioner for Refugees’ (UNHCR) Statute.
Migrant
While there is no formal legal definition of an international migrant, most experts agree that an international migrant is someone who changes his or her country of usual residence, independently of the reason for migration or legal status. Generally, a distinction is made between short-term or temporary migration, covering movements with a duration between three and 12 months, and long-term or permanent migration, referring to a change of country of residence for a duration of one year or more.
(https://refugeesmigrants.un.org. Adaptado.)
No trecho inicial do texto “Although often used interchangeably by the general public”, o termo sublinhado equivale, em português, a
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Since the early 1990s, an interesting phenomenon has emerged in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus – some states that, despite having their own government and state apparatus, lack international recognition. Even today, the struggle of these unrecognised states remains widely unknown. While these states have been the focus of much academic study, their very existence is often neglected by both the international community and societies in the West. In parallel, there exist in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus distinct peoples who have neither acquired recognised statehood nor any significant representation within their own countries – they are the so-called unrepresented peoples.
Today, the territory of the former Soviet Union in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus is somewhat unique for its relatively high concentration of unrecognised states and unrepresented peoples. Each of them has varying degrees of independence and autonomy. Some have de facto statehood, whereas others are distinct peoples with little to no representation or territorial autonomy. Although different, these peoples seem to have one common goal – self-determination.
The benefits of recognised statehood are numerous and often taken for granted – countries have access to various forms of international funding, for example from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF); their citizens can travel, assured that their passports will be accepted in another country; and they have a voice at international forums like the United Nations (UN), which can be an opportunity to influence international outcomes in their favour. Unrecognised states, on the other hand, are isolated internationally and can be forced to rely upon a patron state which offers them all kinds of help in exchange for their allegiance. This dependency on a patron-client relationship can lead to the client state being used as a political tool by its patron.
One key issue facing most unrecognised states is the restriction on movement imposed on their people. Because their de facto nationality is not recognised internationally, their locally-issued passports or travel documents are not considered valid for travel or entry into another country. The only way for them to travel abroad is to receive a passport from a neighbouring country, or to travel to the few countries that do recognise them. It happens that some people living in de facto states are entitled to other citizenships. In addition to unrecognised states, there also exists a number of unrepresented peoples – that is, distinct ethnic and linguistic groups that enjoy little or no representation both internationally and domestically. These peoples struggle even more for self-determination since they do not have their own autonomous territory. They find themselves even more vulnerable and are often at best ignored, or worse persecuted.
Fonte: What does it mean to be unrecognised and unrepresented? https://unpo.org/article/21947. Adaptado. Data de acesso: 07/08/2022.
O termo “Although”, destacado em itálico sublinhado no excerto do segundo parágrafo: “Although different, these peoples seem to have one common goal”, expressa ideia de
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