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    Some of the world’s leading artificial intelligence (AI) researchers are calling for a pause on research into AI, claiming that safety issues must first be urgently addressed. If not, the outcomes could be devastating for humanity. Others say any pause in development would not only be impractical to enforce on a global scale, but could also stand in the way of advances that could both improve and save lives.

    The AI that is currently available already has the power to radically alter society, in new ways that we are seeing every day. So how might it progress over the coming years? Are we on the brink of an artificial intelligence-powered utopia or dystopia?

    Firstly, technology has been automating jobs since the Industrial Revolution, though never before has it happened on this scale. Everyone from truck drivers to voice over artists are at risk of being replaced by AI. A recent study found that just over 30 jobs are considered safe from automation in the near future. They range from mechanics to athletes, though they represent just a sliver of the current labour market. While new jobs will be created, there is a significant chance that the majority of the population will be left jobless. This could either lead to:

    Utopia: A new leisure class emerges, living off a universal basic income funded by taxes on robots and the companies that operate them.

    Dystopia: Mass unemployment results in social unrest, similar to the way laid off factory workers trashed the machines that replaced them. With so many jobs at risk and the potential for huge wealth inequality, some fear it could ultimately result in societal collapse.

    Secondly, artificial intelligence is already contributing to major scientific advances, dramatically accelerating the time it takes to make discoveries. It has been used to invent millions of materials that did not previously exist, find potential drug molecules 1,000 times faster than previous methods, and improve our understanding of the universe. This could either lead to:

    Utopia: Cancer and all other life-threatening diseases are cured, leading to a new age of health and prosperity. Scientists are already using AI tools to make breakthroughs in longevity medicine, which aims to end or even reverse ageing.

    Dystopia: The same AI-enabled technology could be used for malevolent purposes, creating entirely new diseases and viruses. These could be used as bioweapons, capable of devastating populations that don’t have access to cures or the tech needed to develop them.

(Anthony Cuthbertson. www.independent.co.uk, 03.05.2023. Adaptado.)

TEXT FOR QUESTION

Available at: https://midwaycare.org/information/patient-resource-guide/ Accessed on: July 28,2023.

Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning

    One of the basic principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine, as it is usually defined, is that vital energy, or
qi, circulates through channels in the body which connect to various organs and functions. TCM therapies,
such as cupping, acupuncture or herbal treatments, seek to activate these channels, or balance someone's
qi.
[5]   Though the methods have been in use for hundreds of years, critics argue that there is no verifiable
scientific evidence that qi actually exists.
    While the TCM industry is worth an estimated $130 billion in China alone – and the country's leaders have
thrown themselves behind promoting the practice – it has until recently largely struggled to gain widespread
acceptance outside of east Asia.
[10]    The sheer range of claimed benefits of some forms of TCM can be staggering. In a review of acupuncture
alone, the Society for Science-Based Medicine, a US-based pressure group, found practitioners offering
treatments for everything from cancer, stroke, Parkinson's, and heart disease, to asthma and autism.
    In 2009, researchers at the University of Maryland surveyed 70 systematic reviews of traditional medicines,
including acupuncture, herbal treatments and moxibustion, the burning of herbs near the skin. They found that
[15] no studies demonstrated a solid conclusion in favor of TCM due to the sparsity of evidence or the poor
methodology of the research.
    This lack of scientific rigor has created space for often outlandish claims about TCM's capabilities in
treating certain disorders – something boosted by the handful of TCM-related treatments which have been
scientifically proven to be beneficial. In 2015, Chinese scientist Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in medicine
[20] for her work on malaria which drew on traditional practices and folklore.
    Other products derived from herbs used in TCM have also shown benefits in scientifically-controlled
experiments, vindicating TCM in the eyes of many practitioners, and there have been calls for renewed
research in this area, as well as on other ancient remedies that might hold clues to future medical advances.
    What concerns many scientists and doctors, however, is that instead of these experiments and findings
[25] boosting the reputation of an individual medicine, they are often held up as proof of the validity of the entire
field of TCM, much of which has no basis in science and can be potentially dangerous.
    "Treatments included within the wide TCM category are very different from one another," the European
doctors said. "They can only be considered to form a group of therapies from the perspective of
history/ethnology ('traditional') and geography (Chinese)."

(Adaptado de: GRIFFITHS, James. Some European doctors think Chinese medicine should come with a health warning. CNN Health. Data de publicação: 17 nov. 2019. Disponível em: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/16/health/traditional-chinese-medicine-facebook-intl-hnkwellness/index.html. Acesso em: 22 out. 2020).

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Healthy Vision: Take care of your eyes!

    It’s important to take care of your eyes. Poor vision makes it harder to read, drive, and cook. The good news: Many eye problems and diseases can be treated if caught early. To make sure you keep seeing clearly, get a comprehensive dilated eye exam. An eye care professional will examine your eyes for signs of vision problems or eye diseases. It’s the best way to find out if you need glasses or contacts, or are in the early stages of a serious but treatable eye disease.

    You ___________ have a dilated eye exam regularly to check for common eye problems. If you haven’t had an exam for some time, schedule one this month. CDC’s Vision Health Initiative and the National Eye Institute are encouraging Americans to take care of their eyes to make sure they can see well throughout their lives.

    ______________ older adults tend to have more vision problems, preschoolers may not see as well as they should. Just 1 out of every 7 preschoolers receives an eye exam, and fewer than 1 out of every 4 receives some type of vision screening. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends vision screening for all children ages 3 to 5 years to find conditions such as amblyopia, or lazy eye that can be treated effectively if caught early.

(Disponível em https://www.cdc.gov/media/matte/2012/08- heathy-vision.pdf?cid=2012_08_ healthy_vision#:~:text=Taking%20care%20of%20your%20eyes, for%20falls%2C%20injury%20and%20depression. Acesso em 19 fev. 2021.)

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1    What could we have done differently? It is a good question in the face of the coronavirus pandemic.
Among the answers is a clear lesson from history—the importance of investing in public health agencies.
Historian Colgrove and a team of scientists highlighted the effects of government investment in public
health on the prevention and response to health crises.
2    The choices contributed to the development of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. In the
1950s and 1960s, increased access to antibiotic therapies and comprehensive case treatment made
tuberculosis cases decline. So, government funding for tuberculosis control was cut drastically. Public
health staff were reassigned from tuberculosis care, clinics were closed, and laboratory testing diminished,
setting the stage for a deadly drug-resistant tuberculosis outbreak in the early 1990s.
3    In combination with homelessness and the HIV/AIDS epidemic, tuberculosis control became a crisis.
Colgrove claims that the outbreak was a predictable outcome of the cuts to public health systems.
4    In contrast, scientists highlight Uganda’s infrastructure for treating hemorrhagic fevers as an example
of how investments in public health can avert infectious disease crises. In 2010, Uganda launched a
surveillance and laboratory program in collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Through
this collaboration, Uganda has decreased diseases such as Ebola, Marburg virus, Crimean-Congo virus,
and Rift Valley. Not only has this program saved lives in Uganda, but it has prevented small outbreaks from
escalating into international epidemics.
5    As we attempt to deal with COVID-19, it is worth considering how cuts to public health institutions
undermine the country’s ability to respond to pandemic threats. So, for the benefit of our globalized society,
it is always time to invest in public health infrastructure.

Available at:  https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/articles/its-time-to-invest-in-public-health-infrastructure. Retrieved on: 1 st Sept. 2020. Adapted.

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